Term
| Seven major divisions of the brain |
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Definition
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongta
Pons
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Cerebral Hemisphere |
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Term
| What are the three regions of the brain? |
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Definition
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain |
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Term
| What are the components of the forebrain? |
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Definition
| Cerebrum and Dienchephelon |
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Term
| The cerebral cortex, ________ ________, hippocampus and __________ are all parts of the __________ |
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Definition
| basal ganglia/ amygdala/ cerebrum |
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Term
| The thalamus and the hypothalamus make up the _______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain stem is composed of the _______, _____, and _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of CSF filled cavities in the CNS? |
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Definition
Ventricle (in brain)
Central Canal (in spine) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
How does single-cell electrophysiological recording work?
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Definition
| It measures the activity of a single neuron at a time |
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Term
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Definition
electroencephalography
using scalp electrodes, it measures the activity for groups of electrons
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Term
| Which types of scans are used to measure which parts of the brains are working in comparisions to others in certain activities? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two sides of the brain called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the corpus callosum do? |
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Definition
Connect the two hemispheres of the brain together (functionally and physically) |
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Term
The cerebrum performs which type(s) of body control?
- Top down control
- Bottom up control
- Lower brain functions
- Higher brain functions
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Definition
- Top down control and 4. Higher brain functions
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Term
| The _____ _____ is the outer layer of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ ______ is made up of _______ (peaks) and ________ (fissures) |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex/ gyrus/ sulcus |
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Term
| What are the four lobes of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal |
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Term
| What is the insular cortex? |
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Definition
- It is considered by some the "5th lobe" not
- technically a lobe because it' inside of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
- involved in consciousness
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Term
| What are really deep sulcus called? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the subcortical regions of the cerebrum?
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Definition
Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Hippocampus |
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Term
| The ___-central gyrus is part of the frontal lobe; however the ___-central gyrus is part of the parietal lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F The prefrontal cortex is associated with higher conginitive functions |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lobe generally processes information coming into the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lobe is responsible for coordinating visual information? |
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Definition
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Term
| What the is temporal lobe generally for? |
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Definition
| Hearing and incorporating different types of information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of neurons in cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| Projection neurons and Local interneurons |
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Term
| Projection neurons in cerebral cortex are _________ _________ and __________ |
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Definition
| Pyramidal cells (cortical cells)/ glutamatergic |
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Term
| Local interneurons in the cerebral cortex are _________ and ___________ |
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Definition
| located in every cell/ GABA-nergic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What sulcus separate the left and right hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ fibers cross over to the opposite side while ______ fibers do not |
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Definition
| Contralateral/ Ipsilateral |
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Term
| What is cerebral specialization? |
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Definition
| It is the process by which the two hemispheres of the brain increasingly specialize in particular functions |
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Term
Generally speaking
Basal Ganglia---> _______ __ ________ ________
____________ --> Emotion & Memory (more fear-based)
______________ --> Learning & Memory |
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Definition
Control of volunatary movement
Amygdala
Hippocampus |
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Term
Which of the following is part of the limbic system?
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Basal Ganglia
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "relay center" for ascending somatosensory information in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thalamus is responsible for integrating motor information from what regions? |
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Definition
| Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What area of the brain is in charge of regulating "essential" behaviors (i.e. temperature, growth) |
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Definition
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Term
| The mescencephalon is also called the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What components of the brain make up the brain stem? |
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Definition
| Midbrain, pons, and medulla |
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Term
What are the functions of the midbrain?
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Definition
Link between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex in motor control
Components of visual and auditory systems
major pathway of eye control |
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Term
| What are the Dopaminergic projection pathways |
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Definition
Mesolimbic pathways--> addiction/rewards behavior --> schizo
Nigrostriatal pathway --> motor control --> Parkinson's |
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Term
| The _______ is also sometime refered to as the "little brain" |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ is the major center for recieving info from the spinal cord, inner ear and cerebral cortex |
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Definition
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Term
The (3) main functions of the cerebellum include:
- coordinating _______/ _____ learning
- cooridanation of head/eye movement; ______ ______
- __________ and other higher cognitive fxns
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Definition
1. movement/ motor
2. balance control
3. Language |
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Term
What regions make up the cerebellum?
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Definition
1. cerebellar cortex
2. internal white matter
3. three deep nuclei |
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Term
| How many types of cells are present in the cerebellum? |
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Definition
Five
4 interneurons
1 Purkinje cell (primary projection cells/inhibitory) |
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Term
| Ventral side ______ relay motor and _______ information from cerebral cortex ---> cerebellum |
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Definition
| pontine (pons)/ somatasory |
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Term
| ______ side pontine nuclie are involved in _______, sleep, and ________ |
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Definition
| Dorsal/ respiration/ taste |
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Term
| Decussation of many tracts w/in the CNS occurs at the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What area of the brain is responsible for cardiviovascular regulation? What is the specific area called that does this? |
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Definition
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Term
| The medulla has early relay nuclie for ______, hearing, and _______ and control ____ & _____ movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Components of the spinal cord |
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Definition
two dorsal horns + two ventral horms= central gray matter
white matter=funiculi (axons) |
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Term
| What are the four types of tract entering and exiting the spinal cord? |
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Definition
Medial lemniscal
Corticospinal
Lateral spinothalic
Extrapyramidal |
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Term
| ________ tracts such as the ___________ tract and __________ tract offer "bottom-up" control (receiving _____ info from periphery) |
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Definition
| Ascending; medial lemniscal; lateral spinothamalic; somatosensory |
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Term
| What type of tract is the extrapyramidal tract? What type of control is it? What tract is like it? |
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Definition
Descending tract
Top-down, sending motor control from CNS
Corticospinal tract |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Where does memory take place? |
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Definition
| Medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and amygdala) |
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Term
| The ____________ is responsible for maintaining recent memories, but not longer term |
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Definition
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Term
| What does synaptic plasticality mean? |
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Definition
| That cells can change structurally and functionally=learning and remembering |
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Term
| Complex problem-solving and planning activities occur were? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main difference in etiology of short-terms and long-term memory? |
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Definition
Short-terms causes by recurent circuits of neuron activity that reverberate for a shot period of time
Long-term requires protien synthesis |
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Term
| How do NMDA and non-NMDA receptors differ? |
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Definition
NMDA receptors are ligand and voltage gated and involve Na/K/Ca channel (as a second messenger leading to LTP)
Non-NMDA receptors are only ligand gated, two classes AMPA-R and Kainate-R |
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Term
| NMDA-R activation and new protein synthesis occurs during? |
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Definition
| Late LTP (long-term effects) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the biogenic amines? |
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Definition
| dopamine, epinephrine, norepinnephrise, serotonin |
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Term
| Biogenic Amines are used in _________, post-synaptic receptors, _________, synaptic reuptake & ________ _______/ |
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Definition
| biosynthesis, nerotransmission, enzymatic degradation |
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Term
| What is Catecholamine Biosynthesis of dopamine? |
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Definition
| Tyrosine + O2 (tyrosine hydroxylase) --> DOPA -CO2 ( DOPA decarboxylase)--> Dopamine |
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Term
| What is the Catecholamine Biosynthesis of epiniphrine? |
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Definition
| Norepi + RCH3 (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase)--> Epinephrine |
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Term
| What is the systhesis of serotonin? |
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Definition
| Tryptophan --> 5-hydroxytryptophan --> Serotonin( 5-hydroxytryptamine) |
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Term
| What are the Post-synaptic receptors for serotonin? |
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Definition
| Many G-protien coupled receptors and One LCIC |
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Term
| Are the post-synaptic receptors for serotonin stimulatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
GPCR= either
LGIC= Na/K channel therefore stimulatory |
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Term
| ALL GPCR's are post synaptic receptors for what biogenic amine(s)? |
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Definition
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Term
| are the post synaptic receptors for dopamine stim or inhib? |
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Definition
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Term
| The post synaptic receptors for epi and norepi are called ______&______ receptors are are stimulatory/inhibit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ _____ in the prefrontal cortex is involved in the regulation of mood. |
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Definition
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Term
| The subgenual region (prefrontal cortex) has connections to the ______ _____ created by ____, ____, & _____ |
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Definition
| Limbic system (amygadal, basal ganglia, hyppthalamus); Norepi, 5HT, DA systems |
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Term
| What is the "The Biogenic Amine Hypothesis” of Depression? |
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Definition
| The dpression may be caused by decreased activity of biogenic amines pathways (norep, 5HT, DA) |
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Term
| What drug caused both depression and Parkison's like symptoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the drug Reserpine generate the biogenic pathway hypothesis of depression? |
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Definition
| Reserpine decreased monoaminergic signaling in the brain by inhibiting the uptake of DA, NE, 5HT into presynaptic vesicles---> depression and parkinson's like symptoms |
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Term
| There are _____ generations of depression drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 1st generation of depression drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2nd generation of depression drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are teh 3rd generation of depression drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are _____ generations of depression drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Nigrostriatal pathway connect the ______ _____ of the midbrain to the ________ of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dopamine pathway is imp for motor control and compromised in parkinson's disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used in the treatment of Parkinson's diease? What side-effect cans it have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the mesolimbic pathways connect? |
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Definition
| The ventral tegemental area of the midbrain to the nucleus accumbeans (basal ganglia) and prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| Which pathway expiriences overactivity in Schizophrenia |
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Definition
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Term
| __ __________ can have Parkinson-like side effects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Parts of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
Corpus striatum
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Ventral striatum
Globus pallidus (major output center)
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
| __ __________ can have Parkinson-like side effects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
A complex motor control circuit exists between the cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia
- Stimulatory input from cortex to putamen
- Inhibitory output from globus pallidus to thalamus
- Constant stimulation of motor cortex via thalamus
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Definition
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