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Volume 3
Self Test Questions
295
Other
Professional
08/30/2014
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Term
1. How is oxygen separated from other gases in the air?
 Definition
1. By compressing and cooling the air.
Term
2. Why must aviator’s breathing oxygen be “bone dry”?
 Definition
2. To ensure operation of oxygen system components. Oxygen with a high moisture content would freeze at high altitudes, causing the oxygen system to be inoperative.
Term
3. List some of the warning signs of hypoxia.
 Definition
3. Blurred vision, slight shortness of breath, a vague weak feeling, light dizziness.
Term
4. What is the maximum pressure at which low-pressure gaseous oxygen cylinders are charged?
 Definition
4. 450 psi m.
Term
5. What color are low-pressure gaseous oxygen cylinders painted?
 Definition
5. Yellow.
Term
6. How are oxygen tubes color-coded?
 Definition
6. With bands of green and white cellulose tape.
Term
7. What two types of connections are used in a low-pressure oxygen system?
 Definition
7. Pipe-thread and flared-tube connections.
Term
8. What component reduces system pressure in a high-pressure gaseous oxygen system?
 Definition
8. A pressure-reducer valve.
Term
9. What construction methods prevent high-pressure gaseous oxygen cylinders from shattering?
 Definition
9. Heat-treated alloy wrapped with steel wire.
Term
10. What are the two main types of oxygen regulators?
 Definition
10. The continuous-flow and pressure-demand type.
Term
11. What’s a disadvantage of the continuous-flow regulator as compared to other types?
 Definition
11. Wastes oxygen.
Term
12. The MD–1 oxygen regulator can be used with what types of oxygen systems?
 Definition
12. With high- or low-pressure gaseous or liquid oxygen systems.
Term
13. In an emergency the pressure-demand regulator can supply oxygen to what altitude?
 Definition
13. 50,000 feet.
Term
14. What should system pressure be during an operational check of a regulator?
 Definition
14. Near normal operating pressure.
Term
15. Explain how the molecular sieve bed operates.
 Definition
15. Nitrogen in the air is absorbed in one bed of molecular sieve while oxygen passes through the bed. When the molecular sieve becomes saturated, the concentrator vents the nitrogen overboard.
Term
16. What happens if the MSOGS concentrator fails?
 Definition
16. It will turn on an OXYGEN caution light in the cockpit and automatically switch to the backup oxygen supply.
Term
1. What’s the temperature of liquid oxygen?
 Definition
1. –297 °F.
Term
2. Why should liquid oxygen never be sealed, capped, or trapped in a container without a relief-valve?
 Definition
2. It will rupture the container.
Term
3. What factors are used to determine converter size?
 Definition
3. The number of crew, mission duration, and the type of oxygen regulation equipment used.
Term
4. What’s the probable cause if frost appears on the outside of a LOX container?
 Definition
4. Vacuum loss.
Term
5. How are pressure control valves controlled?
 Definition
5. Spring-loaded bellows.
Term
6. What’s the primary purpose of the pressure-closing valve?
 Definition
6. To maintain a constant head pressure on top of the liquid oxygen in the storage container.
Term
7. What’s the normal position of the pressure-opening valve?
 Definition
7. Closed.
Term
8. Why is it important to ensure there is no moisture in the fill, buildup, and vent valve?
 Definition
8. It may freeze in the vent position.
Term
9. In what position should you manually place the buildup/vent valve during a filling operation?
 Definition
9. VENT position.
Term
10. How are the check valves in quick disconnects operated?
 Definition
10. Automatically.
Term
11. What are the two modes of operation in the supply sequence of the liquid oxygen system?
 Definition
11. The economy mode and demand mode.
Term
12. What technical manual covers the requirements for LOX systems inspection?
 Definition
12. –6 technical manual for the specific aircraft.
Term
1. What is the purpose of a bleed air system?
 Definition
1. To operate or control pneumatic systems or components.
Term
2. What are the three sources of bleed air used for system operations on jet aircraft?
 Definition
2. Aircraft engine(s); ground air cart; and gas turbine compressors, gas turbine units, or auxiliary power units.
Term
3. What equipment provides bleed air when the aircraft is on the ground with the engine shutdown?
 Definition
3. A ground air cart.
Term
4. List the components of a bleed air system.
 Definition
4. Check valves, shutoff valve, wing isolation or body crossover valves, flow control valves, pressure regulating valves, bleed air ducting, and the necessary controls.
Term
5. What is the purpose of a ground-air-connection check valve?
 Definition
5. Prevent the escape of bleed air from the system.
Term
1. What material is usually used for high-pressure/high-temperature ducting?
 Definition
1. Stainless steel.
Term
2. What action should you take to ensure a good airtight seal when installing a V-band clamp?
 Definition
2. Tap around the circumference of the clamp as its tightened.
Term
3. Why should you install the bottom bolts on a bolted flange duct first?
 Definition
3. This forms a cradle and holds the gasket in place while you install the remaining bolts.
Term
4. Besides stainless steel, what other materials can be used in the construction of medium-pressure/medium-temperature ducting?
 Definition
4. Titanium to aluminum alloy.
Term
5. What type lubricant can be used on beaded duct sleeves to aid in installation?
 Definition
5. Water only.
Term
6. Where in the aircraft is molded fiberglass ducting used for distributing conditioned air?
 Definition
6. Cabin area.
Term
7. What’s the purpose of gaskets?
 Definition
7. To make an airtight seal with most types of flange connections.
Term
8. What devices are installed in bleed air systems to compensate for thermal expansion of ducting?
 Definition
8. Expansion joints (bellows), thermal compensators, universal joints, loops, horseshoe bends, and offsets.
Term
9. What’s the most important reason for insulating ducts?
 Definition
9. To prevent heat damage to structural members, electrical wiring, and combustible material, as well as hydraulic, oxygen, and fuel lines.
Term
10. What type of insulating material is fireproof?
 Definition
10. Fiberglass fabric blankets.
Term
11. What is the purpose of the rubber accordion boot wrapped around the duct between the sections of the insulation?
 Definition
11. This boot allows for differences in expansion rates of the duct and insulation.
Term
12. What’s used to lace the studs together in a metal foil blanket?
 Definition
12. Wire.
Term
13. What are the most common types of duct damage?
 Definition
13. Scratch, minor dent, major dent, and gouge.
Term
14. Define gouge.
 Definition
14. A defect wherein the surface of the material is cut or removed sufficiently to cause the duct wall thickness to be reduced.
Term
15. Which bleed air duct system is subjected to the highest pressure/temperature?
 Definition
15. High-pressure/high-temperature.
Term
16. What should you do anytime you locate a nonpermissible leak in the high-pressure/high-temperature section of the bleed air system?
 Definition
16. Inspect the aircraft structure in the immediate area of the leak for heat damage.
Term
1. What is air conditioning?
 Definition
1. The simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, and air distribution within a space.
Term
2. Does heat always move to cold or does cold always move to heat?
 Definition
2. Heat always moves to cold.
Term
3. While the aircraft is in flight, what controls the flow of ram air to the primary heat exchanger(s)?
 Definition
3. Moveable ram air inlet and/or exit doors that modulate in flight.
Term
4. During low airspeeds or ground operation what induces cooling airflow to the primary heat exchangers when there is not enough ram air to cool the primary heat exchangers?
 Definition
4. Ejectors.
Term
5. What consists of a centrifugal air compressor and an expansion turbine, and is often known as a “pack”?
 Definition
5. Air cycle machine (ACM).
Term
6. Why would some of the outlet air from the primary heat exchanger need to bypass the air cycle machine?
 Definition
6. If cabin temperature controls call for warmer air.
Term
7. What component provides an additional stage of cooling after the bleed air has left the primary heat exchanger and, if required, the air cycle machine?
 Definition
7. Secondary heat exchanger.
Term
8. What is the primary purpose of the refrigeration bypass valve?
 Definition
8. To prevent water from freezing in the water separator.
Term
9. What component uses centrifugal force to remove moisture in the air that is caused by rapid cooling?
 Definition
9. The water separator.
Term
1. What two forms of energy are essentially interchangeable?
 Definition
1. Pressure and temperature.
Term
2. What happens to heat of the engine bleed air as it passes through the primary heat exchanger(s)?
 Definition
2. Some of the heat is transferred to ram air.
Term
3. What happens to the pressure of the engine bleed air as it passes through the primary heat exchanger(s)?
 Definition
3. Almost no change.
Term
4. What happens to the air as it enters the compressor of the air cycle machine?
 Definition
4. The pressure increases and, therefore, the temperature increases.
Term
5. What results in a very large decrease to the air within the air cycle machine?
 Definition
5. As the air expands across the turbine, the pressure decreases greatly. The pressure decrease, coupled with the energy extracted to drive the compressor, results in a very large decrease in temperature.
Term
6. What are the two methods of cooling used in a typical bootstrap system?
 Definition
6. (1) By transferring heat to the ram air, or (2) removing most of the heat by expanding it and converting it into work to drive the compressor.
Term
7. The refrigeration bypass valve opens so that warm air can mix with the air in the water separator if the water separator’s outlet air temperature falls below what temperature?
 Definition
7. 38 °Fahrenheit.
Term
8. Explain the difference between preconditioned and conditioned air.
 Definition
8. Once the air has cycled through the entire system with the exception of the water separator, it is called preconditioned air. Preconditioned bleed air becomes conditioned air when it has made its way through the water separator.
Term
1. What percentage of the earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen?
 Definition
1. 78 percent.
Term
2. List the three pressurization ranges.
 Definition
2. Unpressurized range, isobaric range, and differential range.
Term
3. What is the isobaric range?
 Definition
3. 8,000 to 21,000 feet above sea level.
Term
4. Where does the differential range extend?
 Definition
4. From where the isobaric range stops to the maximum altitude of the aircraft.
Term
1. What component opens and closes to control the amount of air leaving the aircraft’s pressurized area
 Definition
1. Outflow valve.
Term
2. What is the approximate atmospheric pressure at sea level?
 Definition
2. 14.7 psi.
Term
3. The aneroid is fully expanded and the metering valve closed at what specific altitude?
 Definition
3. 8,000 feet.
Term
4. What two pressures are applied to the differential diaphragm?
 Definition
4. Control and atmospheric pressure.
Term
5. What section of the pressure regulator protects the crew from too fast a rise in cabin pressure?
 Definition
5. The rate control section.
Term
6. In addition to a regulator, two outflow valves, and a pneumatic relay, what other component is a part of the dual-differential regulator?
 Definition
6. Dump valve.
Term
7. What component operates as a safety valve if the regulator fails?
 Definition
7. Outflow valve.
Term
8. Why are two outflow valves used on aircraft with large crew areas?
 Definition
8. Because of the large volume of air to be relieved.
Term
9. How can the dump valve be operated in case of electrical power failure?
 Definition
9. Manually.
Term
10. What are the three features of the pressure controller?
 Definition
10. Isobaric, differential, and rate controls.
Term
11. How is isobaric control maintained?
 Definition
11. Adjusting spring tension.
Term
12. What types of pressure act on the differential controller’s diaphragm?
 Definition
12. Control head and atmospheric.
Term
13. How is the rate control orifice size adjusted?
 Definition
13. Rate control knob.
Term
14. During a dive, what prevents damage caused by reverse flow of atmospheric air?
 Definition
14. The ball check valve.
Term
15. Describe the purpose of the manual control valve.
 Definition
15. It’s used to manually set and regulate the control pressure if the automatic cabin pressure controller fails.
Term
16. What happens if the pressure regulator test handle remains in the TEST position?
 Definition
16. The aircraft will pressurize on the ground.
Term
1. Where are fire detectors normally placed on aircraft?
 Definition
1. On conventional aircraft they are placed in the engine and baggage compartments. On jet aircraft they are placed on the engine section, nacelle, or tail cone.
Term
2. How are the thermal switches connected?
 Definition
2. In parallel with each other, and in series with the warning light.
Term
3. What are the two types of thermoswitches?
 Definition
3. FENWAL® switch and Iron Fireman switch.
Term
4. How do the FENWAL® and Iron Fireman detector switches operate?
 Definition
4. The inside of the switch has a low coefficient of expansion, while the shell has a high coefficient of expansion. When they are heated, they will expand and contact will be made.
Term
5. What are two precautions you must take when handling thermal switches?
 Definition

5. Any two:

• Be cautious when handling these units because the shell is the actuating mechanism. Never handle the shell with pliers or force the switch into position by hand or with tools.

• Before, during, and after installation, take precautionary measures to ensure that the shell is not dented, distorted, or otherwise damaged.

• Use caution in securing the lock washer and hex nut on the positive terminal of the switch. When securing the terminal nut, use a torque wrench. Check current tech data for proper torque values.

• When installing a new switch, inspect the outer shell visually for evidence of any damage that could change the actuating point or prevent the switch from operating.

• After the switch has been put into operation, always keep it free of dirt, dust, oil, grease, or any foreign substance that may accumulate on the switch and change the amount of heat required to actuate it.
Term
6. What causes a thermocouple fire detector system to activate?
 Definition
6. A rapid rate of temperature increase beyond normal engine warm-up.
Term
7. What are the three circuits in the thermocouple fire warning system?
 Definition
7. The detector, alarm, and test circuits.
Term
8. How are the thermocouples connected in respect to each other?
 Definition
8. In series.
Term
9. What does a photoelectric detector cell consist of?
 Definition
9. A glass envelope, which is coated on the inside with infrared-sensitive lead sulfide.
Term
10. The amplifier of a photoelectric fire detection system is sensitive to what frequencies?
 Definition
10. Between 7 and 60 Hz.
Term
11. How can you distinguish the fire warning light from the overheat light in the photoelectric fire detection system?
 Definition
11. The overheat light flashes, and the fire warning is steady.
Term
12. What are fire detector sensing loops made of?
 Definition
12. A center conductor embedded in a semiconducting compound enclosed within a tube.
Term
1. How do liquid agents extinguish fire?
 Definition
1. By excluding oxygen from the fire area.
Term
2. How will an insufficient nitrogen charge affect agent discharge?
 Definition
2. The cylinder won’t have enough pressure to discharge properly.
Term
3. What shape are aircraft fire extinguisher containers?
 Definition
3. Spherical.
Term
4. What prevents leakage between the bonnet assembly and container during discharge?
 Definition
4. A rubber O-ring packing.
Term
5. How are squibs fired?
 Definition
5. Applying 28 VDC to the squib.
Term
6. What is incorporated in some two-shot systems to delay electrical current to the bonnet assemblies?
 Definition
6. Time delay relay.
Term
7. What does a flashing red light in a fire emergency control handle (T-handle) indicate?
 Definition
7. An overheat.
Term
8. What steps should be taken to remove liquid fire extinguishing agents if moisture or high temperature was present?
 Definition

8. (1) Purge the area and surface with clean, dry air.

(2) Clean the affected areas with applicable cleaning solution and rinse with clean, fresh water.

(3) Drain the excess water and dry the area with cloths, paper towels, or air pressure no greater than 10 PSI.

(4) Apply water-displacing, corrosion-preventative compound to all necessary areas.
Term
1. What is usually found at the lowest point of a fuel tank?
 Definition
Term
2. What is installed in fighter aircraft fuel tanks that prevent fuel sloshing and reduce the potential for fuel ignition or explosion if the aircraft is hit by enemy fire?
 Definition
2. Foam blocks.
Term
3. Which fuel tank type is made of a rubber or nylon material and conforms to the shape of the vacant cavity within the fuselage where it sits?
 Definition
3. Bladder-type (fuselage).
Term
4. Which type of fuel tank is not removable and is not self-sealing?
 Definition
4. Integral (wing).
Term
1. What is the primary purpose of a centrifugal pump?
 Definition
1. Pressurize the fuel manifold.
Term
2. What distinct advantage do centrifugal-type pumps have over other types of pumps?
 Definition
2. They tend to run cooler because there is no contact between the rotating impeller and the stationary housing of the pump body.
Term
3. Why must the centrifugal-type pump be installed at a location where fuel will flow to the pump’s inlet?
 Definition
3. Because the centrifugal-type pump is not self-priming.
Term
4. How are centrifugal-type pumps driven?
 Definition
4. Hydraulic power or electricity.
Term
5. Which pump consists of an electric motor and a shaft with circular vanes at the end?
 Definition
5. Rotary vane-type pumps.
Term
6. When would a rotor vane-type pump most likely be used?
 Definition
6. Scavenging operations.
Term
7. What principle applies to the operation of an ejector pump?
 Definition
7. Venturi.
Term
8. What is the function of the rotor in an air-refueling pump?
 Definition
8. To remove fuel vapors caused by the centrifugal force of the impeller.
Term
1. List two types of check valves.
 Definition
1. Flapper and pressure-loading.
Term
2. What is the purpose of the small-drilled hole in the center of the flapper?
 Definition
2. Allows some fuel to return from other parts of the system to lubricate a dry pump.
Term
3. How are pressure-loaded check valves opened?
 Definition
3. By pump pressure only.
Term
4. Why are shutoff valves installed in a manifold?
 Definition
4. To control the flow of fuel or air through a manifold or into a tank.
Term
5. What is an advantage of the sliding gate shutoff valve?
 Definition
5. It has the advantage of being able to control a large flow of fuel.
Term
6. What components make up a rotary plug shutoff valve?
 Definition
6. Valve body, and the motor and rotor plug.
Term
7. What type of seal is used between the disc and valve body of a disc type shutoff valve?
 Definition
7. O-ring.
Term
8. What is the purpose of a fuel-level control valve?
 Definition
8. Provides for the automatic control of the fuel level during the filling of a fuel tank.
Term
9. Piston-type fuel level control valves operate on what principle?
 Definition
9. Hydromechanical.
Term
10. How is the diaphragm-type valve controlled?
 Definition
10. Electrically.
Term
11. During fuel transfer or refueling, what are the four functions of the low-level shutoff valve?
 Definition

11. (1) Close and prevent fuel from being transferred out of the tank even though the tank is pressurized (by energized operation of the solenoid).

(2) Open and allow fuel to transfer out of the tank (by de-energized operation of the solenoid).

(3) Close and prevent pressurized air from entering the fuel system when all of the fuel has been transferred (by automatic operation).

(4) Close and prevent a reverse fuel-flow of refueling pressure from entering the fuel tank (by automatic operation).
Term
12. What controls the operation of the fuel control valve in a combination fuel control valve and pilot
 Definition
12. The pilot valve.
Term
13. What condition may cause a temporary malfunction of a vent float valve?
 Definition
13. Frozen condensation within the valve.
Term
1. What is the definition of a switch?
 Definition
1. A component used to open or close an electrical circuit or to select paths through the circuit.
Term
2. List three types of fuel-controlled switches.
 Definition
2. Pressure, float, and fuel-flow indicator.
Term
3. How does a pressure switch work to indicate fuel pressure?
 Definition
3. If there is sufficient fuel pressure in the manifold, the diaphragm actuates the micro switch, which completes the electrical circuit across the terminal and illuminates a pressure indicator light to indicate fuel pressure.
Term
4. How are float switches actuated?
 Definition
4. By fuel level.
Term
5. What switch indicates a flow or no flow condition?
 Definition
5. Fuel-flow indicating switch.
Term
6. List two types of fuel quantity indicating switches.
 Definition
6. The DC liquid-level and capacitance-type.
Term
7. What type of fuel quantity indicating system uses the potentiometer wiper mechanism?
 Definition
7. The DC liquid-level type.
Term
8. The capacitance-type fuel indicating system shows how much fuel is in a tank, using what form of measurement?
 Definition
8. Pounds of fuel.
Term
9. What component controls the amount of pressure entering a fuel tank?
 Definition
9. Air pressure regulator.
Term
10. If the air pressure regulator fails, what unit will relieve the excess pressure?
 Definition
10. The pressure/vacuum relief valve.
Term
11. What item of a disconnect coupling prevents fuel leakage from an installed external tank?
 Definition
11. An O-ring.
Term
1. What is the purpose of the aircraft fuel system?
 Definition
1. Stores fuel and delivers the proper amount of clean fuel at the right pressure to meet the demands of the engine.
Term
2. What are the four components of the engine feed system?
 Definition
2. Pumps, check valves, shutoff valves, and thermal relief valves.
Term
3. If a pump fails to operate, what component prevents the reverse flow of fuel through the pump?
 Definition
3. Check valve.
Term
4. What controls all shutoff valves in an engine feed system?
 Definition
4. Throttles.
Term
5. What is the purpose of thermal relief valves?
 Definition
5. To relieve pressure from heat-expanded fuel.
Term
6. What is the purpose of the crossfeed system?
 Definition
6. To ensure fuel is supplied to the engines at all times.
Term
7. What are the three methods used to transfer fuel?
 Definition
7. Pump, air pressure, and gravity flow.
Term
8. What component controls fuel level in the receiving tank during fuel transfer?
 Definition
8. Fuel level control valve.
Term
9. How is a fuel control valve controlled?
 Definition
9. Either by the solenoid or the pilot float.
Term
10. What components are required during gravity transfer of fuel?
 Definition
10. Shutoff valve and float valve.
Term
11. Where are vent ports located?
 Definition
11. Top of the fuel tank.
Term
12. Describe the purpose of the fuel pressurization system.
 Definition
12. The system is designed to maintain air pressure in the tanks to minimize fuel boiling and, in some cases, to transfer fuel.
Term
13. What system is used to remove residual fuel from a manifold?
 Definition
13. Scavenge.
Term
1. Define fueling.
 Definition
1. The filling of a tank or tanks with fuel from an external source.
Term
2. What is the most common method used to refuel an aircraft?
 Definition
2. Single-point.
Term
3. During refueling, when all tanks are filled, what happens to the fuel pressure?
 Definition
3. It increases.
Term
4. What is the fuel servicing safety zone?
 Definition
4. It is the area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component; and 25 feet around aircraft fuel vent outlets.
Term
5. What grounding procedures must be followed to properly ground the fuel truck and the aircraft during a defueling operation?
 Definition
5. The aircraft and fuel tank must be bonded together and connected to a low-resistance ground.
Term
6. Name two advantages of having aerial refueling capabilities.
 Definition
6. Greatly extends the range of the aircraft and permits takeoffs with much greater loads than would otherwise be possible.
Term
7. How is the aerial refueling receptacle operated and controlled?
 Definition
7. Operated hydraulically and controlled electrically.
Term
1. Name the principal contaminants that reduce the quality of fuel.
 Definition
1. Water, foreign particles, microbial growth, and sediment.
Term
2. List some of the problems that water in the fuel can cause.
 Definition
2. Free water can cause icing of the aircraft fuel system, usually in the aircraft boost-pump screens and low-pressure filters. Fuel gage readings may become erratic because the water short-circuits the aircrafts electrical fuel cell quantity probe. Large amounts of water can cause engine stoppage. If the free water is saline, it can cause corrosion of the fuel system components.
Term
3. List some of the most common types of foreign particles that can show up in fuel.
 Definition
3. Rust, sand or dust, aluminum and magnesium compounds, brass shavings, and rubber.
Term
4. Which color of rust indicates magnetic particles?
 Definition
4. Black.
Term
5. Sediment in fuel appears in what forms?
 Definition
5. Dust, powder, fibrous material, grains, flakes, or stain.
Term
6. What are the two categories of sediment?
 Definition
6. Coarse and fine.
Term
7. Define fine sediment.
 Definition
7. Particles smaller than 10 microns.
Term
8. Name two measures you can take to ensure that you do your part in keeping a clean fuel supply.
 Definition
8. Any two: Don’t drag fuel hose nozzles on the ground. Keep dust caps on. Do not dump hydraulic fluid, oil, or any other substance besides fuel into bowsers. Immediately close and lock bowser lids when dumping is complete. Cap disconnected fuel lines when performing maintenance on any fuel component. Change filter elements on fuel filter assemblies anytime a fuel filter assembly is removed, whether due to an extended differential pressure indicator (delta-P or ΔP) or just to facilitate other maintenance (FOM).
Term
1. Why is classification of fuel leaks necessary?
 Definition
1. To differentiate between those leaks that constitute a flight safety hazard and require repair before flight, and those that do not require immediate repair.
Term
2. What must you use to wipe down a fuel leak?
 Definition
2. Wipe the area dry with a clean, static-free, absorbent cloth to assist the drying process.
Term
3. How many leak categories are there and what are they?
 Definition
3. 4; Class A, B, C, and D.
Term
4. When in doubt about which class a fuel leak is, what should you do?
 Definition
4. Classify it to the next highest category.
Term
5. What are the five leak location identified for fuel leak evaluation purposes?
 Definition
5. External, internal vented, internal non-vented, electrical conduit, and external mounted components.
Term
6. What is determined when crossing the leak category with the leak location?
 Definition
6. Condition/action.
Term
7. In addition to AFTO form 781A or 781K, what form must you document fuel leaks if automated data systems are not available?
 Definition
7. AFTO Form 427, Aircraft Integral Fuel Tank Repair Historical Record.
Term
1. When the opening of a filled balloon is closed, why is there no action on the balloon?
 Definition
1. Because the pressure of the gas inside the balloon is exerted equally in all directions.
Term

Column A

___ (1) Ability to do work.

___ (2) A force moves an object.

___ (3) The tendency of an object to maintain its direction or speed.

___ (4) Sometimes thought of as a physical effort.

___ (5) Commonly expressed as Btus.

___ (6) Reduced by using lubricants.

___ (7) Equals force times distance.

___ (8) Kinetic and potential.

___ (9) Rate of doing work.

___ (10) A type of energy that results from molecular motion.

 

Column B

a. Heat.

b. Energy.

c. Friction.

d. Inertia.

e. Work.

f. Power.

 Definition

2. (1) b.

(2) e.

(3) d.

(4) e.

(5) a.

(6) c.

(7) e.

(8) b.

(9) f.

(10) a.
Term
3. What type of energy does a falling object possess?
 Definition
3. Kinetic energy.
Term
4. Can energy pass from potential to kinetic and back to potential?
 Definition
4. Yes.
Term
5. What is Newton’s first law of motion?
 Definition
5. A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues to move at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.
Term
6. What is Newton’s second law of motion?
 Definition
6. An unbalanced force on a body produces, or tends to produce, an acceleration in the direction of the force, and that acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
Term
7. Which law of physics best explains how a jet engine produces forward thrust?
 Definition
7. Newton’s third law of motion.
Term
8. State Bernoulli’s principle.
 Definition
8. When the speed of a stream of gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases; and when the speed of the gas decreases, the pressure increases.
Term
1. When a jet engine reaches idle speed, what determines how the fuel control regulates engine speed?
 Definition
1. Power lever setting.
Term
2. What two forms of energy does a jet engine produce?
 Definition
2. Thrust and heat.
Term
3. Approximately what percent of the energy produced by the fuel is needed to maintain the jet engine operating cycle?
 Definition
3. 60.
Term
4. Where is the point of highest pressure within a jet engine?
 Definition
4. In the diffuser section.
Term
5. On a jet engine that does not have an afterburner, where is the point of highest temperature?
 Definition
5. In the combustion section.
Term
6. Where is the point of highest airflow velocity in a jet engine?
 Definition
6. At the ejector nozzle.
Term
7. What is the purpose of the turbine stator?
 Definition
7. To increase the velocity of the gases striking the turbine blades.
Term
8. After the gases leave the turbine section and enter the exhaust section, what type of velocity do they have?
 Definition
8. Axial.
Term
9. What straightens the flowpath of gases in the exhaust case?
 Definition
9. The vanes in the exhaust case.
Term
10. In a multistage turbine, what is the arrangement of the shafts?
 Definition
10. One shaft is hollow, allowing the other shaft to operate inside it.
Term
11. Which turbine drives the front compressor on a dual-spool engine?
 Definition
11. The rear turbine.
Term
1. What is a turbojet engine?
 Definition
1. An air-dependent, thermal, jet propulsion device.
Term
2. Name the three main sections of a gas turbine engine.
 Definition
2. Compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine.
Term
3. What are the two types of compressors used in jet engines?
 Definition
3. Centrifugal and axial-flow.
Term
4. How do pressure pulsations in a centrifugal compressor present themselves?
 Definition
4. As shock waves or irregular movement of air through the compressor.
Term
5. What effect do pressure pulsations have on a compressor?
 Definition
5. Rapidly reduced efficiency.
Term
6. Why is it not desirable to use multiple-stage centrifugal compressors to increase the pressure ratio?
 Definition
6. Because of the complicated construction and increased weight of the engine that would result.
Term
7. What two needs stimulated the development of the axial-flow compressors?
 Definition
7. More power and a more economical engine.
Term
8. How does the air pass through an axial-flow compressor?
 Definition
8. The air travels rearward along the axis of the engine, and the air pressure is increased at each stage of compression.
Term
9. How are axial-flow compressor rotor blades similar to an aircraft propeller?
 Definition
9. They both are airfoil-shaped and move an air mass.
Term
10. What is the purpose of the stationary vanes that are located behind each rotor wheel in the single-spool axial-flow compressor?
 Definition
10. They direct the air onto the blades of the succeeding rotor wheel and also cause the air pressure to increase.
Term
11. How are the compressor rotor blades and stator vanes arranged in a multiple-stage, axial-flow compressor?
 Definition
11. The rotor blades are graduated from long to short through the stages of compression. The stator vanes are also graduated in size to correspond in length with the rotor blades.
Term
12. Identify two reasons the dual-spool axial-flow compressor was designed.
 Definition
12. Ease of starting and reduction of compressor stalls.
Term
13. What unit determines the speed of the N2 (high-pressure) rotor in a dual-spool compressor?
 Definition
13. The fuel control.
Term
14. Which type of compressor is more durable, the axial-flow or the centrifugal?
 Definition
14. Centrifugal.
Term
1. Why is getting good combustion in a gas turbine engine so complex?
 Definition
1. Because the fuel and air must combine rapidly, the combustion process must not use excessive energy and space, and the combustion chamber must not overheat.
Term
1. Why is getting good combustion in a gas turbine engine so complex?
 Definition
2. A measure of the ability of the combustion chamber to burn the fuel completely and to mix the elements thoroughly with the remainder of the air charge before the gases reach the turbine nozzle.
Term
3. How is combustion efficiency computed?
 Definition
3. By comparing the heat energy received by the air as it passes through a test combustion chamber with the known energy that was added to the chamber in the form of fuel.
Term
4. What are two by-products of combustion?
 Definition
4. Carbon deposits and carbon monoxide.
Term
5. What are the two purposes of the combustion section?
 Definition
5. To burn the fuel and to deliver the resulting gas to the turbine at a temperature that does not exceed a predetermined limit for the particular engine in use.
Term
6. What is the approximate air-to-fuel ratio used for the actual burning process in a combustion chamber?
 Definition
6. 15:1.
Term
7. Name the three types of combustion chambers.
 Definition
7. Can, annular, and can-annular.
Term
8. What supports the annular-type combustion chamber in the front and rear?
 Definition
8. The front of the chamber is attached to the burner support, and the rear of the chamber is supported on the outside by the stator blade support ring of the first-stage turbine and on the inside by the stator inlet ring of the first-stage turbine.
Term
9. How does the additional air that is required to support combustion and cool the annular combus-tion chamber reach the chamber walls?
 Definition
9. Through elongated slots and round holes in the sections of the chamber walls.
Term
10. What supports the can-annular combustion chambers within the combustion section on certain engines?
 Definition
10. Fuel nozzles in the front and turbine nozzle case at the rear.
Term
11. What is the purpose of a fuel nozzle?
 Definition
11. To introduce fuel into the combustion chamber.
Term
12. Multiple-fuel nozzles are used for what two purposes?
 Definition
12. To handle large quantities of fuel with even distribution and to minimize the variation that might be caused by a clogging of any one of the nozzles.
Term
13. In a dual-orifice type of fuel nozzle, fuel is injected into the engine combustion chamber from which orifices for high-engine-thrust operation?
 Definition
13. Both the primary and secondary orifices.
Term
1. Name the three types of turbines.
 Definition
1. Impulse, reaction, and reaction-impulse.
Term
2. What type of turbine design is used on most jet engines?
 Definition
2. Reaction-impulse.
Term
3. What is inserted between the rotating blades on multiple-stage turbines?
 Definition
3. Stationary turbine nozzle vanes.
Term
4. What characteristics and values must be considered when designing turbines?
 Definition
4. Exhaust gas flow rate, shaft RPM, turbine inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures, turbine exhaust velocity, and the required power output.
Term
5. What is the most frequently used method of attaching the turbine blades to the rotor disc?
 Definition
5. The fir tree method.
Term
6. Describe the “fir tree attachment.”
 Definition
6. A series of grooves and notches broached in the rim of the turbine rotor disc.
Term
7. What three types of fasteners are used to secure the turbine blades to the rotor disc?
 Definition
7. Steel pins, lock strips, and rivets.
Term
8. What are the two principal turbine blade configurations?
 Definition
8. Shrouded and unshrouded.
Term
9. What three things does the shroud on shrouded turbine blades do?
 Definition
9. Reduce blade vibration, improve airflow, and increase engine efficiency.
Term
1. The term “exhaust duct” refers to what?
 Definition
1. The engine exhaust pipe (or tailpipe) connecting the turbine outlet and the jet nozzle of a non-augmenter engine.
Term
2. What are two purposes of the engine exhaust duct?
 Definition
2. To collect and straighten the gas flow that comes from the turbine and to increase the velocity of the gases before they are discharged from the exhaust nozzle.
Term
3. What may occur if you alter the exhaust nozzle?
 Definition
3. Changes in engine performance and exhaust gas temperature.
Term
4. Why are small tabs placed in the engine exhaust nozzles of some engines?
 Definition
4. To correct exhaust gas temperature.
Term
5. An augmenter is classified as what type of an engine?
 Definition
5. A ramjet engine.
Term
6. What is the purpose of a variable area orifice at the augmenter exhaust nozzle exit?
 Definition
6. To schedule the nozzle area to obtain the desired thrust within the safe operating limits of the engine.
Term
7. What effect should augmenter operation have on engine operation?
 Definition
7. None.
Term
8. Define the term screech.
 Definition
8. A condition of periodic violent pressure fluctuation in the augmenter duct, resulting from cyclic vibration due to the unsteady release of combustion energy.
Term
9. What two parts will most likely deteriorate or fail if moderate or severe screech is not checked?
 Definition
9. The flameholder or augmenter duct.
Term
10. How is screech controlled?
 Definition
10. By placing screech liners in the augmenter duct.
Term
11. What two things does the flameholder in the augmenter do?
 Definition
11. Creates local turbulence and reduces the gas velocity in the vicinity of the flame.
Term
1. What are two drawbacks of the turbojet engine?
 Definition
1. Inefficient fuel use when flown below Mach 2 speeds and the amount of noise they generate.
Term
2. What makes the turbofan engine more desirable than basic turbojet engines?
 Definition
2. Capable of turbojet performance at higher speeds, while maintaining the shorter take-off capability offered by the turboprop engine.
Term
3. What are the major sections of a turboprop engine?
 Definition
3. Reduction gearbox assembly, a torquemeter assembly, and a gas turbine power section.
Term
1. What devices reduce the potential for engine flameout?
 Definition
1. Compressor bleed valves, variable-pitch stator blades, surge dampeners, variable inlet guide vanes, and other devices.
Term
2. What does a “rich blowout” mean?
 Definition
2. An overrich mixture flameout.
Term
3. What types of fuel controls do most modern aircraft use?
 Definition
3. Either a hydromechanical, electrohydromechanical, or a “unified” fuel control.
Term
4. What factors affect the hydromechanical fuel control operation?
 Definition
4. Engine air inlet temperature, compressor discharge pressure, turbine RPM, and power lever angle.
Term
5. What fuel control system uses a computer such as a digital electronic engine control (DEEC), digital engine control (DEC), or an electronic engine control (EEC) for primary fuel-flow control?
 Definition
5. An electrohydromechanical system.
Term
6. What component regulates and distributes fuel for the most efficient engine operation at all power settings?
 Definition
6. Fuel pumps.
Term
7. What component provides a leaner fuel mixture for engine starting?
 Definition
7. The fuel derichment valve.
Term
8. What valve drains the fuel manifold on shutdown?
 Definition
8. Pressurizing and dump (P&D) valve.
Term
1. What are the principal purposes of an oil system?
 Definition
1. Clean, cool, and lubricate.
Term
2. What gives a visual indication of oil level on some oil tanks?
 Definition
2. Sight gauges.
Term
3. Classified as to function, what two basic pumps are used in a jet engine oil system?
 Definition
3. Pressure pump and the scavenge pump.
Term
4. Classified as to structure, what three types of pumps are used most often in jet engine oil systems? Which of these three is the most common?
 Definition
4. Gear, gerotor, and sliding vane; gear type.
Term

Column A

____1. Allows a flow of oil in only one direction.

____2. Consists of a gear and a rotor within a housing.

____3. Allows unfiltered oil to flow through the oil system if the filter element becomes clogged.

____4. Lightweight, welded, sheet metal containers formed to the exterior of the engine

____5. Separates the air from the oil.

____6. Is used to direct the flow of oil onto the gears and bearings.

____7. May be of the paper type which is replaced when dirty.

____8. Indicates possible failure of engine bearings, gears, oil pumps, or other oil-wetted parts.

____9. Normally set several pounds above the normal operating pressure.

____10. Is the most widely used type of valve in the oil system.

____11. Allows oil to flow into the oil cooler at a predetermined temperature.

____12. Is often immediately preceded by a small screen placed in the oil line.

____13. Is an inspection device that metal chips and particles adhere to.

 

Column B

a. Oil tank.

b. Deaerator.

c. Gerotor-type pump.

d. Micronic-type filter.

e. Chip detectors.

f. Nonadjustable relief valve.

g. Check valve.

h. Bypass valve.

i. Air pressurizing valve.

j. Oil nozzle.

k. Magnetic sump plug.

 Definition

5. (1) g.

(2) c.

(3) h.

(4) a.

(5) b

(6) j.

(7) d.

(8) e and k.

(9) f.

(10) g.

(11) h.

(12) j.

(13) e and k.
Term
6. How do air/oil coolers cool the oil?
 Definition
6. By passing hot engine oil through the core of the cooler and passing ram air over the core.
Term
7. How do fuel/oil coolers cool the oil?
 Definition
7. By having fuel flowing into the tubes of the cooler and oil flowing around the fuel-filled cooler tubes.
Term
8. What are the two types of oil nozzles?
 Definition
8. Restrictive tube and internal passage.
Term
9. What is the purpose of oil system seals?
 Definition
9. To prevent the loss of fluid.
Term
10. List three types of oil seals used in jet engines.
 Definition
10. Synthetic, labyrinth, and carbon.
Term
11. What two items should you check prior to replacing seals?
 Definition
11. The cure date and part number.
Term

12. Define the following terms associated with oil system seals.

a. Cure date.

b. Packing.

c. Gasket.

 Definition
12. (a) The date of manufacture of the seals. (b) A component designed to provide a seal between two moving parts or to provide a running seal. (c) A component designed to provide a seal between two stationary parts.
Term
1. What two factors are essential for jet engine starting?
 Definition
1. The engine must be motored to an RPM that provides sufficient air for combustion and after this starting combustion, the engine must be accelerated to the point where the power developed by the turbine is adequate for a self-sustaining operation.
Term
2. What are the four types of starters typically found on Air Force aircraft?
 Definition
2. (1) Air turbine (impingement), (2) pneumatic, (3) cartridge-pneumatic, and (4) gearbox-system starters.
Term

Column A

____1. Applies low-pressure air from an auxiliary power unit directly to the engine rotor assembly.

____2. Mechanically rotates engines through a series of gears and shafts.

____3. The air supply must be of sufficient volume and pressure to consistently produce successful engine starts within the specified time limits.

____4. Less weight and fewer moving parts are key advantages.

____5. Gas-driven turbine wheel coupled to the engine through a reduction gear system and an overrunning clutch.

____6. One of the most common starters used on gas turbine engines.

 

Column B

a. Pneumatic starter.

b. Air turbine (impingement) starter.

c. Cartridge-pneumatic starter.

d. Gearbox

 Definition

3. (1) b.

(2) d.

(3) a.

(4) b.

(5) c.

(6) a.
Term
4. What is meant when it is said that the cartridge-pneumatic starter is self-contained?
 Definition
4. Self-contained implies that the starter has the ability to start the engine without the use of ground support equipment.
Term
5. In a gearbox-type starter system, what connects to the engine gearbox and turns the engine compressor by way of a vertical gear shaft (tower shaft)?
 Definition
5. A power takeoff (PTO) shaft.
Term
6. What are the three types of ignition systems discussed in this lesson?
 Definition
6. An AC system, a DC system, and a high-energy capacitor type.
Term
7. In the engine ignition system the AC voltage is stepped up to approximately how many volts by high-ratio transformers?
 Definition
7. 20,000 volts.
Term
8. What are the main parts of a direct-current ignition system?
 Definition
8. A vibrator, a transformer, and igniter plugs.
Term
9. What function does the vibrator unit in the DC ignition system perform?
 Definition
9. It changes the 28 volts of direct current into a pulsating current so that the voltage may be stepped up through the transformer.
Term
10. What is the purpose of having two complete high-energy capacitor-type ignition systems on each engine?
 Definition
10. Safety—if one fails, you have another system as a redundant backup.
Term
11. What component provides high-temperature spark for engine starting?
 Definition
11. Igniter plug.
Term
1. In addition to being light in weight and small in size, what other requirement must aircraft instruments meet?
 Definition
1. Easy to read.
Term
2. Oil pressure indicators measure pressure in what unit of measurement?
 Definition
2. Pounds per square inch (PSI).
Term
3. What positions can be selected by the oil temperature select switch?
 Definition
3. Individual engine temperatures (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), maximizing (M), and TEST (T).
Term
4. How is a tachometer powered?
 Definition
4. By a tachometer (tach) generator.
Term
5. What does an N1 gauge typically indicate?
 Definition
5. The low-pressure compressor speed in percent RPM.
Term
6. What does the EPR system for each engine consist of?
 Definition
6. Pressure probes, a transducer unit, and an engine pressure ratio indicator.
Term
7. How is engine fuel-flow measured?
 Definition
7. Pounds per hour (pph).
Term
8. What dissimilar metals are used in thermocouples?
 Definition
8. Alumel and chromel.
Term
1. What is used to analyze oil samples and determine the identity of metal particles worn from oil-wetted parts?
 Definition
1. Spectrometric oil analysis.
Term
2. What are the three major benefits of the Joint Oil Analysis Program (JOAP)?
 Definition

2. (1) Improved safety.

(2) Reduced maintenance cost.

(3) Increased equipment availability.
Term
3. What are the three basic techniques for taking a sample?
 Definition

3. (1) Dip tube sampling.

(2) Drain/valve sampling.

(3) Pump/syringe sampling.
Term
4. Why should you never use mouth suction to fill the sampling tube?
 Definition
4. Many fluids are highly toxic and may cause paralysis and/or death.
Term
5. When taking an oil sample how full should you fill the bottle?
 Definition
5. Fill to approximately ½ inch from the top.
Term
1. If you have to cut a sampling tube to make it the correct length, how should it be cut?
 Definition
1. Cleanly at a 45 degree angle.
Term
2. At a minimum, what personal protective equipment must you wear when taking a JOAP sample?
 Definition
2. Goggles and gloves.
Term
3. What problem most frequently affects sample integrity?
 Definition
3. Contamination.
Term
4. What are the two categories of oil samples that you may be required to take?
 Definition
4. Routine and special.
Term
5. What TO gives instructions on how to fill out a DD Form 2026?
 Definition
5. 33–1–37–1, Joint Oil Analysis Program Manual.
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