Term
| what is the goal during maximal inspiration? |
|
Definition
| to achieve maximum inspiratory flow into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| During maximal inspiration the vfs are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for the initial of phonation the vfs are positioned... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the laryx is part of the critical pathway for... _________ |
|
Definition
| sustaining the life function of breathing |
|
|
Term
| in order for normal breathing to occur, the larynx must be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the larynx to be healthy for normal breathing what four things need to be occurring and functioning properly? |
|
Definition
1. The mm of the larynx must recieve the appropriate neurologic signal from the brain
2. the peripheral nerve endings must be anatomically intact to control the function of the laryngeal mm
3. The mm must be able to produce the appropriate forces to move the laryngeal cartilages
4. the laryngeal cartilages themselves must be flexible |
|
|
Term
| The mm of the larynx are under ____ control for voice production, controlled by the ________. |
|
Definition
| voluntary, CNS (Central Nervous System) |
|
|
Term
Every part of the larynx has a critical role in voice production
(true or false?) |
|
Definition
False.
Not every part of the larynx has a critical role in voice production |
|
|
Term
| Every laryngeal structure has a ____ role in voice production, whether it is anatomical or functional. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During breathing the larynx has a ____function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during swallowing the vfs... |
|
Definition
| adduct tightly to avoid penetration of food or liquid from entering into the glottal space and subsequently into the trachea and lower airway. |
|
|
Term
| a bacterial infectrion in the tracheobronchial tree is commonly known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during swallowing the larynx... |
|
Definition
| with its extrinsic mm connections to the hyoid bone, elevates (both anteriorly and superiorly) during swallowing, closing off the laryngeal space and stopping breathing. |
|
|
Term
| stopping of breathing is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______requires tight vf adduction in order to build high intra-thoracic pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does thoracic fixation occur? |
|
Definition
| when lifting heavy weights, bearing a child, cough, bowel movement... |
|
|
Term
| the act of phonation is considered a ______ function |
|
Definition
| nonbiological, because our vitality is not reliant on the ability to produce voice. |
|
|
Term
| what does paralysis of the vfs possibly tell us? |
|
Definition
| altered neurological signaling to the vocal fold mm |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of cartilages |
|
Definition
| hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flexible and elastic
-made up of collagen and other proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic building block of cartilage |
|
|
Term
| within the larynx hyaline cartilage forms... |
|
Definition
| the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages |
|
|
Term
| how is elastic cartilage different than hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone |
|
|
Term
| cartilage that does not go through the process of of ossification is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of permanent cartilage are... |
|
Definition
| tip of the nose, the external ear, the walls of the tracheal, the epiglottis among others |
|
|
Term
| in the larynx the ____ cartilage ossifies more frequently than the ____ but each starts to ossify about ____decade of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is a u shaped bone consisting of several parts suspended just above the _____ cartilage |
|
Definition
| hyoid (above the thyroid cartilage) |
|
|
Term
| the hyoid bone is attached to the tongue via a ligament called the _____ and its unique position with the tongue is only present in.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for our purposes we consider the hyoid bone paret of the ______ framework |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _____cornua of the hyoid bone provides a place for ligaments to attache like the stylohyoid ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connection of the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage occurs by a ligament called the _____ and a membrane called the _______ |
|
Definition
| thyrohyoid ligament, thyrohyoid membrane |
|
|
Term
| this is the largest unpaired cartilage in the laryngeal framework |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is the most visible when looking at the front of the neck and most palpable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thyroid cartilage has several parts: 2 ___, 2___,2____, an ____ ____ and a ____ ____ _____ |
|
Definition
| laminae, superior cornu, inferior cornu, an oblique line, superior thyroid notch |
|
|
Term
| the thyroid cartilage is most often recognized for its______ which results in a prominence of the cartilage, called informally the adam's apple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the anterior angle of the thyroid cartilage is wider in (males or females).. |
|
Definition
| females, more acute and prominent in males |
|
|
Term
| The _________ is a line of fusion of the two laminae of the thyroid cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each lamina is connected above to the hyoid cartilage by the ____ membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there exists _____ on each thyroid lamina that descends diagonally from superior to inferior on the lateral surface of the thyroid lamina. It is the place for other mm attachments to the thyroid cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these attach either bone to bone or cartilage to cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage forms a ____ with the cricoid cartilage called the_____ which is referred to as____ |
|
Definition
| joint, the cricothyroid joint, synovial joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freely movable joints and the most common joint in the body |
|
|
Term
| this specifically allows the thyroid to rotate anteriorly or posteriorly on the cricoid cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The articulation between the cricoid and the thyroid forms a narrower angle in (men or women?) |
|
Definition
| in men, causing greater difficulty in exposing the cartilages during laryngela framework surgery for men |
|
|
Term
| a procedure for reducing the prominent adam's apple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the arytenoids are connected to the epiglottis by a mm called the ___ mm or fold and to the thyroid carilage anteriorly by the ____ ligament |
|
Definition
| aryepiglottic mm, vocal ligament |
|
|
Term
| ______ movement allows for vf abduction and adduction and these movements occur because of the ____ joint |
|
Definition
| arytenoid, cricoarytenoid joint |
|
|
Term
| the arytenoid cartilages sit on top of the cricoid cartilage and the cricoid arytenoids joint allows the arytenoid joints to _____ medially and _____ at these joints. These joints are also synovial joints and allow for __and ___and___ and ____ movement |
|
Definition
| slide, rock, downward and inward, upward and outward |
|
|
Term
| When the vocal process of the arytenoid moves ______ the vfs ______ and when there is _______ movement the vfs ______ |
|
Definition
| medially, adduct, lateral, abduct |
|
|
Term
| _____ of the arytenoids towards each other causes adduction and ____away from each other cause abduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign lesions of the posterior glottis that are commonly centered over the tips of the cartilaginous |
|
|
Term
| the arytenoid cartilages also serve as the posterior attachment for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the corniculate cartilages are considered one of the primary cartilages of the laryngeal framework
(true or false) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the corniculate cartilages serve no role in voice production
(true or false) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is considered the superior part of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the narrowing of the epiglottis is referred to as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the epiglottis is composed of ____cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the epiglottis attaches to the angle of the thyroid cartilage by a ligament called____ and to the tongue by several ligaments called ____ ligaments |
|
Definition
| thrYoepiglottic ligament, glossoepiglottic ligamments |
|
|
Term
| this is the biomechanical effect of hyolaryngeal movement, downward bolus movement, and tongue base retraction |
|
Definition
| epiglottic downward movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the epiglottis becomes infected and swollen, it can obstruct the airway, which may be fatal unless promptly treated |
|
|
Term
| the two groups of laryngeal mm |
|
Definition
| intrinsic mm and extrinsic mm |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic laryngeal mm are responsible for... |
|
Definition
| the movements of the laryngeal cartilages and finer control of laryngeal structures...work to regulate tension in the cal ligament and the size and shape of the glottal space |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic laryngeal mm are responsible for |
|
Definition
| larger laryngeal movements like elevation and depression of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| there are _____ laryngeal mm (paired). They are ... |
|
Definition
| five, TA (thyroarytenoid),PCA (posterior cricoarytenoid) LCA (lateral cricoarytenoid), CT cricothyroid, arytenoid mms (oblique and transverse) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortens the vfs when it contracts |
|
|
Term
| this is referred to as the deepest layer of the vf structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two sections of TA. The most medial section is called ______. The most lateral section is called______ |
|
Definition
| thyrovocalis, thyromuscularis |
|
|
Term
| The thyrovocalis section of TA _____ the vfs when it contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thryomuscularis section of TA ____ the vfs when it contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior cricoarytenoid (pca) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pca upon contraction ____ the vfs by moving the ____process medially and rotating the _____process laterally ___ing the vfs |
|
Definition
| abducts, muscular,laterally, abducting |
|
|
Term
| this mm exhibits activity with diaphragmatic activity during the inspiratory cycle of breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when loss of pca activity occurs what can occur |
|
Definition
| in spite of diaphramatic activity obstruction of the airway can occur |
|
|
Term
| Lateral cricoarytenoid (lca) |
|
Definition
| upon contraction it adducts vfs |
|
|
Term
| the lca ____ the vfs upon contraction by moving the ____process postereolaterally and the ____ process medially |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during speech the combined activities of the pars recta and pars oblique are central in the adjustment of the vf length by pulling downward and forward on the thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| there are two wections of the ct mm belly called... |
|
Definition
| the pars recta and the pars oblique |
|
|
Term
| there are two sets of interarytendoid mms... |
|
Definition
| the oblique fibers and the transverse fibers |
|
|
Term
| when contracted the oblique and transverse fibers... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are what we call the false folds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this plays a major role in preventing invasion of pathologenic agents onto the true vfs and serve as an important level of airway protection during swallowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between the ventricular vfs and the true vfs is a recess or space called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ventricle leads upward to an appendage or sac called the ____ an there exist secretory cells that provide secretion to moisten the vfs. cysts can form in the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ventricular vfs can regenerate completely if surgically removed (true or false) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are ____ lyares of the vfs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is the main vibrating portion of the vfs |
|
Definition
| the superficial layer of the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| this is the thin covering of the vfs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the tip of the cell membrane of the squamous cells of the epithelium are |
|
Definition
| microvillir and microridges |
|
|
Term
| microvilli and microridges contribute to ... |
|
Definition
| the distribution and retention of mucus on the vf |
|
|
Term
| these lays are referred to as "the cover" |
|
Definition
| the epithelium and superficial layer of the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| this is often referred to as "Reinke's space" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the intermediate layer of the lamina propria allows this layer to only move... |
|
Definition
| in an anteroposterior direction |
|
|
Term
| collagen is a protein that connects and strengthens various tissues and does not ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lack of elastin in this layer helps prevent over stretching of the vf tissue |
|
Definition
| deep layer of lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| the basement membrane zone or bmz is considered the junction between ______ and the ______ and is a complex layer of _____ |
|
Definition
| epithelium and lamina propria, proteins |
|
|
Term
| if bleeding occurs in the vf layer it implies injury to the (bmz or superficial layer of lamina propria) |
|
Definition
| superficial layer of the lamina propria (bmz has no blood supply) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense tissues at the anterior and posterior extremeties of the vfs and are thought to be improtant of the viscoelasticity of the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| three cell types maintain important and unique roles within the extracellular matrix (ecm)of the vf |
|
Definition
| fibroblast, myofibroblast, macrophage |
|
|
Term
| ecm is often times referred to as a ____ substance that exists between cells in an organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| women presented higher concentration of HA (hayluronic acid) than men. this abundance was thought to be related to |
|
Definition
| impact absorption, acting as a protective factor against the characteristic high vibration frequenc y of the female vfs |
|
|
Term
| when does laryngeal elevation occur? |
|
Definition
| during swallowing and some singing tasks, helping to manipulate vocal pitch along with ct activity |
|
|
Term
| when does laryngeal depression occur? |
|
Definition
| during some singing tasks and inspiration |
|
|
Term
| the _____mm support hte position of the larynx in the neck so that the intrinsic laryngeal mm can apply their forces on the laryngeal cartilages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the digastricus mm has ___bellies called ___ and ____. Acting like one mm the mms either ____ the hyoid bone or ____the mandible. The ______ pulls the hyoid forward and upward and the ____pulls the hyoid back and upward. |
|
Definition
| two, anterior belly of digasticus, posterior belly of digastricus, elevate, depress, anterior belly, posterior belly |
|
|
Term
| A flat, triangular mm located on the underside of the chin the _____ helps form the muscular floor of the mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the mylohyoid contracts it elevates ____ and depresses_____ as long as ____ |
|
Definition
| floor of the mouth and tongue, jaw, the hyoid is stable |
|
|
Term
| when contracted the geniohyoid elevates the _____ and raises ____for swallowing and ____ when ______ |
|
Definition
| hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, mandible, when the hyoid is stable |
|
|
Term
| when contracted, the stylohyoid mm pulls the ____ up and back and during swallowing ____the hyoid bone for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the suprahyoid mm complex is often implicated in extrinsic laryngeal muscular ____in pts with voice disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the sternohyoid mm contracts it ____ the hyoid bone and therefore the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the sternothyroid mm contracts... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the omohyoid mm contracts... |
|
Definition
| it depresses the hyoid bone and therefore the larynx |
|
|
Term
| when the thryohyoid mm contracts |
|
Definition
| it moves the hyoid bone closer to the larynx |
|
|
Term
| the mucous membrane of the larynx is a continuation of the mucous membrane from ... |
|
Definition
| the trachea inferiorly and the membrane with the mouth superiorly |
|
|
Term
| it is the ____ that covers the true and false vfs and the most common location for the origin of laryngeal cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is the site perforated for entrance for tracheostomy as there is no major blood vessels in this membrane and less chance for the development of edema or stenosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the edge of the cricothroid liagment is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this serves as a lateral anatomic border of the laryngeal space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cavity of the larynx has as its boundaries the ____, the ____ and the ___posteriorly. |
|
Definition
| epiglottis, aryeppiglottic folds, apices of arytenoids cartilages posteriorly. |
|
|
Term
| the anterior glottal space is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the space between the arytenoids is the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extending from the external carotid artery is the superior thyroid artery that supplies... |
|
Definition
| the pharynx, larynx and upper esophagus |
|
|
Term
| the ascending pharyngeal artery also arise from the external carotid artery to supply |
|
Definition
| the lower pharynx and larynx |
|
|
Term
| often intra-arterial chemotherapy for laryngeal cancer is acomplished via the ____ artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of the intrinsic laryngeal mm is accomplished by bilateral innervation from peripheral nerves that extend from cn number___ or _____. It is the ____component of this nerve that orginates in ______ of the brainstem in the ______ _______ |
|
Definition
| X, vagus, motor,medulla, nuclues ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| the nucleus ambiguus gives rise to ____ branches called... |
|
Definition
| three, pharyngeal branch, recurrent laryngeal nerve branch, and the superior laryngeal branch |
|
|
Term
| two small branches from the superior laryngeal nerve are called |
|
Definition
| internal and external branches |
|
|
Term
| the recurrent laryngeal nerves (rln) supply the motor control or function to all of the intrinsic laryngeal mm except |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior branches |
|
|
Term
| the anterior branch of the rln supplies ... |
|
Definition
| lateral cricothyroid mm, and thyroarytenoid mm (ta) as well as interarytenoids, aryeppliglottic, and thyroepiglottic |
|
|
Term
| the posterior brance of the rln supplies... |
|
Definition
| posterior cricoarytenoid (pca) |
|
|
Term
| the _______nerve has a long coures, making it vulnerable to injury at various sites. Injury can occur during thyroidectomy surgery or anterior entrance for cervical disk surgery or open heart surgery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the superior laryngeal nerve has two branches. the ____branch is sensory and autonomic and supplies sensory fibers to laryngeal mucosa, middle of laryngeal cavity and superior surface of vfs. The ____ brance is primarily motor and it travels and supplies ct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the laryngeal mucosa contains some of the densest concentrations of sensory receptors in the human body
(true or false) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| research shows that the most sensitive areas of the larynx include ___, ____ and ___, and the ____ region |
|
Definition
| epiglottis, true and false vfs, arytenoid region |
|
|
Term
| rather than classified by region, sensory receptors are classified by function. There are receptors that respond to ____, ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| airflow, pressure, and motion |
|
|
Term
| laryngeal sensation is important for the reflexive functionso f swallow and cough and its testing can help with understanding the dengeneration of laryngeal function associated with certain diseases like... |
|
Definition
| parkinsons, als, stroke and for testing respond in pts with unilateral vf immobility |
|
|
Term
| one way in which laryngeal senasation is tested is by ... |
|
Definition
| using calibrated air puffs applied to the region of the aryepiglottic folds near the muscular attachment on the arytenoid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| the ____ nerve is responsible for sensation from the subglottic region which is below the vf level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most apparrent differences between men and women is men have ... |
|
Definition
-a larger thyroid lamina
-a more acute thyroid angle
-thicker vfs
-larger glottal space |
|
|
Term
| men were able to produce louder phonation than the women suggesting that women ... |
|
Definition
| may be more susceptible to harming their voices when confronted with the need to talk loud |
|
|
Term
| ______ aids in reducitn the changes that occur in the mm system of the body by helping to prevent mm wasting know as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the larynx with age? |
|
Definition
| -marked vf atrophy, vf edema, reduced number of myelinated fibers in the rln and sln, reduced blood flow to the larynx, reductions in the amnt of HA, increased collagen content,lost mm bulk (vf may appear weak with less bulk), reduced flexibility in laryngeal joints, significant changes to voice production, aperiodicity, vf bowing, prominence of vocal process, glottic proportion, phase and amplitude symmetry of the mucosal wave and tremor of the laryngeal structures |
|
|
Term
| this is the term used to refer to the chagnes associated with the aging larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to produce sound the vfs... |
|
Definition
| vibrate at hundreds of times per second or at a frequency which on average ranges from about 100- 250 |
|
|
Term
| average number of cycles produced by adult male, female, child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neurochonaxic theory was deemed invalid (true or false) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______theory holds that continued air _____ is developed and built up underneath the vfs, an amt great enough to _____ the ______ property of the vf _____ and sustain the vibration of the vfs over time. The pressure moves the nearly adducted vfs ______ and because of the ______ properties of the vfs, the vfs return to their original closed position, againn offering resistance to the flow of air, creating again a high enough pressure to once more displace the vf laterally. this repetitive cycle of movement is ______. |
|
Definition
| myoelastic theory of voice production, pressure, displace, inertial, tissue,elastic, continuous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feature of the aerodynamic component of vf movement. As the airway narrows, the air velocity increases, increasing the kinetic energy. In order for the bernoulli effect to occur, potential energy must decrease if kinetic energy is increased. |
|
|
Term
| describe the first three steps of one full cycle of vf vibration |
|
Definition
1. the initial production of sound requires activation of the intrinsic laryngeal mm, specifically the lca and ta mm to posture the vfs in a position near closure (vocal fold approximation)
2. in this position, the vfs offer enough resistance to the flow of air coming from the lower airway until the subglottal pressure in teh lower airway builds to a great enough amnt to displace the adducted vfs
3. the lower border of the vfs separates first, followed by the upper border. |
|
|
Term
| the mechanism for changing th epitch of the voice primarily is related to changes in... |
|
Definition
| vf length which affects vf tension and stiffness, primairly the stiffness in teh epithelial layer of the vf. |
|
|
Term
| by lengthening the vf, the realtive mass decreases, the cross-sectional area and thicness of vfs decrease, all of which create... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increasing vf length and tension can vary the pitch of the voice up to __ or ___octaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary intrinsic mm that controls vf length is the ______, but also when the ____ mm contracts it can make the vf more rigid and this can create a faster rate of vf vibration, particularly at large vibratory amplitudes |
|
Definition
| cricothyroid (ct)mm, thyroarytenoid (ta) |
|
|
Term
| fundamental frequency can be increased by elevations in ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ increases the vibratory amplitude of vfs resulting in greater lateral excursion of the vfs and an increased vf stretching and tension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an elevation in subglottic pressure at a ___frequency starting point will have agreater effect on increasing the vibrating frequency than it will at a____ fundamental frequency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a vocal register? |
|
Definition
| registers are a series of succeeding soudns of equal quality, a scale from low to high produced by the application of the same changical principle, the nature of which differes basically from another series of sounds of equal quality produced by another mechanical principle |
|
|
Term
| what are three registers that relate to speaking voice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
F0 range at the low end of the frequency scale. The vfs are closed for a longer proportion of time within the vibratory cycle followed by short pulses of opening and closing within one vibratory cycle. A low subglottal air pressure can sustain the vibration associated with pulse register.
Visual features: short and thick vfs
perceived as: a low pith
commonly identified as: termination of statements during speech production
CONSIDERED NORMAL PHENOMENON, however used markedly classified as a voice disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the range lfo F0 most commonly used by a speaker
perceived as: normal mode
vfs appearance is neighete lax nor stretched and the airflow values are higher during modal than during pulse register |
|
|
Term
| falsetto or loft register |
|
Definition
FO range at the upper end of the vfs vibrating capacity
vfs highly elongated with only the edgews of the vfs participating in phonation
vibratory amplitude is small compared to the vocal fold vibratory amplitude during low freq phonation, vf opening predominates within vibratory cycle, sound pressure level of voice is low when compared to the modal register, Psub needs to be higher to sustain the vibrating frequency associated with falsetto compared to other two |
|
|
Term
| this is the primary mechanism for increasing the loudness variation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the negative peak amplitude of the differentiated flow signal increases, the loudness of voice ____ due to the increase in peak flow during the vibratory cycle and greater vibratory amplitude of vfs |
|
Definition
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Term
| increased mouth opening accounts for ______ in loudness as does ______ in the F0 of voice |
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Definition
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