Term
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Definition
Define-an original model after which other similar things copy from
Example-the hero who is courageous, handsome, and always saving the day Purpose-to help make the story easier to understand |
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Definition
Define-exaggeration or making something small seem bigger than it really is
Example-It looks like a bomb went of in her hair!
Purpose-can be used for humor or to emphasize a point |
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Definition
Define-the quality or state of being uncertain; something that can be interpreted in two ways
Example-We saw her duck
Purpose-to make you think about what the author really meant |
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Definition
Define-a part of something is used to represent a whole and vice versa
Example-lend me your ears
Purpose-for you to focus on just that part instead of the whole |
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Definition
Define-a statement that seems to contradict itself
Example-War is Peace
Purpose-grabs your attention and makes you think about the meaning |
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Definition
Define-a contrasting of ideas by using parallel arguments with words, clauses, or sentences
Example-"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
Purpose-makes you think about both sides of an argument |
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Definition
Define-a speech or text that criticizes
Example-National Lampoon Magazine
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-a short statement of some truth or opinion
Example-a lie told often enough becomes truth-Vlad. Lenin
Purpose-something memorable |
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Definition
Define-a response that does not follow logically from or is not clearly related to anything previously said
Example-We were talking about the rollercoasters when she jumped in talking about a spaceship.
Purpose-for humor or to develop certain feelings about a certain character |
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Definition
Define-the repetition of a word or phrase at the start of successive clauses
Example-Thou shall not...Thou shall not...Thou shall not.
Purpose-Builds up strong emotions towards a climax or bigger point |
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Definition
Define-like understatement, but we affirm something by negating its opposite
Example-She is not crazy. She has self-control.
Purpose-to emphasize the impactfulness of what is said |
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Term
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Definition
Define-contradictory words side by side
Example-Jumbo Shrimp
Purpose-gives humor |
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Definition
Define-persuasion that appeals to the emotions of the audience
Example-the commercials for the ASPCA of the animals in need touches heart
Purpose-to move the audience to action |
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Definition
Define-persuasion based on the speaker's character
Example-the seals of approval on medicine assures the customers
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-the appeal to logic
Example-the Burger King logo, Have It Your Way, customers can have it the way they like
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-a pattern where the second half of a phrase is balanced against the first with the parts reversed
Examples-you get what you deserve and deserve what you get
Purpose-creates a memorable statement |
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Definition
Define-repetition of a sound or letter at the start of words or syllables
Example-She sells sea shells by the sea shore.
Purpose-creates something that will stay in your head |
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Definition
Define-repetition of consonance sounds towards the end
Example-pitter patter
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-the repetition of vowel sounds
Examples-And he grew old, This knight so bold-Eldorado
Purpose-can slow the beat of poems down |
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Definition
Define-words that sound like their meaning
Example-Pop, Bang, Boom
Purpose-gives excitement |
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Definition
Define-informal vocabulary from a particular group
Example-slizzard, cable
Purpose-it connects the writer to the audience |
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Definition
Define-an informal expression more often used in casual conversations
Example-He's not the sharpest knife in the drawer
Purpose-brings the writing and the author closer to the audience |
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Definition
Define-the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns
Example-They are laughing at me, not with me.
Purpose-to reinforce an idea or to create something memorable |
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Definition
Define-brief, short and choppy
Example-Don't touch that. It's fragile. We're leaving.Now.
Purpose-straight to the point, builds a beat
Purpose-puts emphasis on an idea |
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Definition
Define-one independent clause and no dependent clauses
Example-We play soccer after school.
Purpose-to get straight to the point and keep things simple |
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Definition
Define-has two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses
Example-We play soccer after school and we go get ice cream after that.
Purpose-each sentence is of equal importance |
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Definition
Define-has an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Example-After eating our ice cream, we all went home to rest.
Purpose-stresses one point |
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Term
| compound complex sentence |
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Definition
Define-has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
Example-Although I ate ice cream before dinner, I was still hungy, and even got seconds.
Purpose-shows the complexity |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the main idea is at the end of the sentence
Example-Unprovided with original learning, uninformed in the habits of thinking, unskilled in the arts of composition, I resolved -- to write a book.
Purpose-leads to a climax |
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Definition
Define-begins with the main idea followed by phrases and clauses elaborating on the main idea
Example-Michelle smiled and waved her hand.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-a question with an obvious answer
Example-Aren't we all equal?
Purpose-to make the reader think, they help to assert or deny something |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the placement of two things next to each other for emphasis
Example-the Sun King
Purpose-calls attention to extremes |
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Definition
Define-an expression designed to evoke emotions, they are not literal
Example-Stop yanking my chain.
Purpose-to convey a deeper meaning |
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Term
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Definition
Define-an expression of words that means something other than the literal meaning
Examples-a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
Purpose-makes the writing memorable and interesting |
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Term
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Definition
Define-comparing two unlike things without using "like" or "as"
Example-The night time was a killer.
Purpose-to put the situation in a different perspective for better understanding |
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Definition
Define-uses "like" or "as" to compare two things
Example-Her hair flowed like water.
Purpose-shows similarities |
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Definition
Define-a comparison of two seemingly unsimilar things
Example-We must feed our bodies with food, and our minds with knowledge
Purpose-to show similarities between two unsimilar things |
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Term
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Definition
Define-rhetorical device that produces a shift in the meanings of words
Example-metaphors, metonymy, synecdoche
Purpose-makes the writing exciting and engaging |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a speaker cleverly and often humorously needles the listener
Example-Grave Digger and Coffin Ed
Purpose-indirection, ironic humor, fluid rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a statement that says less than is meant
Example-"It's just a scratch" when the person's elbow skin is flayed off.
Purpose-puts in some humor |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the substitution of a name for a recognizable title
Example-a strong man could be called Superman or Hercules or the King for Elvis Presley
Purpose-packs arguments into just one phrase |
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Definition
Define-the reader knows something that a character does not
Example-Titanic-we know the boat eventually sinks but the characters do not.
Purpose-gives emphasis |
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Definition
Define-when what happens is different from what is expected to happen
Example-I choked on a lifesaver.
Purpose-for humor or can symbolize something |
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Definition
Define-saying the opposite of what is meant
Example-saying "Perfect" after something terrible has happened
Purpose-to ridicule or criticize |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to
Example-Tracy hugged Tom and loved him.
Purpose-makes the writing less repetetive and boring |
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Term
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Definition
Define-sentence elements are placed out of their normal order
Example-When she crossed the finish line, Michelle smiled.
Purpose-gives emphasis |
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Term
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Definition
Define-parts of a sentence or clause are not in the usual subject-verb-object order
Example-When the going gets tough, the tough get going.
Purpose-more memorable |
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Term
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Definition
Define-leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses
Example-It's, He's, They'll
Purpose-cleans up the writing and keeps it more formal |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a sentence that has many conjunctions
Examples-We lived, and laughed, and loved, and learned.
Purpose-to show that everything separated by the conjunction has equal importance |
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Term
| coordinating conjunctions |
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Definition
Define-joins two main clauses
Example-for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Purpose-connects words, phrases, and clauses for equal importance |
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Term
| subordinating conjunctions |
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Definition
Define-emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the other
Example-He told me what time it was when I asked him.
Purpose-joins a subordinate clause to a main clause |
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Term
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Definition
Define- a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought
Example-Although I went to the store. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought
Example-I went to the store to buy milk |
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Term
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Definition
Define-relating to the establishment of dates and time sequences
Example-We can organize our files into chronological order
Purpose-keeps the story organized and easy to understand |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the order of where things are placed
Example-The top section of the building includes an observation deck with a beautiful view.
Purpose-to inform |
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Term
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Definition
Define-analyzing the reasons for an action, event, or decision
Example-I brushed my teeth, so my teeth grew whiter. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the quality of being amusing or funny
Example-Tartuffe is full of humor.
Purpose-makes the audience laugh |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a text that pokes fun at imperfections
Example-The Onion
Purpose-to make the reader laugh |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a writer's attitude toward the subject
Example-Atticus was feeble: he was nearly fifty.
Purpose-to help the reader understand the writing better |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a speech or written work that pays tribute to a deceased person
Example-
Purpose- |
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Term
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Definition
Define-combines exaggeration with an improbable plot and stereotyped characters
Example-a criminal escaping from the police mistakenly wanders in the police station
Purpose-creates humor for the audience |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the repetition of the last word of one line to begin the next
Example-I am Sam. Sam I am.
Purpose-leads to a climax |
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Term
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Definition
Define-one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated with
Example-substituting royalty for crown
Purpose-less boring, doesn't use the same old words |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a form of deductive reasoning
Example-All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Purpose-to show the truth |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the use of a word to modify other words
Example-She turned the knob and the key to his heart.
Purpose-adds variation and emphasis |
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Term
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Definition
Define-has three elements, the audience, writer and purpose
Example-
Purpose-organizes your thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the process of finding and creating arguments to support a claim |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-how one orders speech or writing |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-style concerns the artful expression of ideas, style addresses how this will be said |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-becoming well-versed in speaking, only possible if one had a vast deal of information on hand to be presented appropriately and effectively given the circumstances and the audience |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the presentation of a spoken argument |
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Term
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Definition
Define-giving human qualities to an inanimate object
Example-The sea grabbed for my feet with her soft, foamy fingers.
Purpose-gives vivid examples to the reader |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-predicting and forestalling objections to an argument |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a statement of the exact meaning of a word
Example-Poetry-literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by style and rhythm
Purpose-another type of elaboration |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the choice of appropriate language for your audience or the specific choice of words for their meaning or their connotation Example-Desperate to get to school, Sara pounded the bicycle pedals. Purpose-makes the writing colorful and emotional |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the use of words as facts
Example-Sally woke up, threw the covers off, dashed to the bathroom, brushed her teeth, grabbed an apple, and ran to school.
Purpose-gives more specific information |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| degree of intensity structure |
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Definition
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Term
| compare and contrast structure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Define-an indirect reference to another text or historic event
Example-the Good Samaritan
Purpose-to connect with the readers |
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Term
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Definition
Define-descriptive language that appeals to the five senses
Example-I decided to taste this new, strange, slimy red sushi.
Purpose-gives a mental image and helps the reader visualize the story |
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Term
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Definition
Define-written language that appeals to the five senses
Example-She had a bright idea.
Purpose-can be more persuasive than normal talk |
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Term
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Definition
Define-arguments start with claims that are debatable and controversial
Example-It is time to legalize the medical use of marijuana.
Purpose-a way to come up eith ideas and test them |
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Term
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Definition
Define-consists of five parts, the intro and narration, confirmation, concession and and refutation, and the conclusion
Example-
Purpose-an organizing device |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-an approach to argumentation that is based on the principle |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a mode of organizing knowledge, ideas, or experiences that is rooted in language, culture, and its contexts |
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Term
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Definition
Define-state your claim or imply, support, and restate it
Example-colleges expect you use this
Purpose-to get to the point |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-beauty of the journey and the support far outweighs the claim; full of digression, figurative language, and rhetorical strategies |
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Term
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Definition
Define-combines two or more summaries
Example-
Purpose-organized so that others can understand the sources and evaluate your understanding of them and their presentation of data |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a statement that links a claim to a supporting reason
Example-Socrates is mortal because he is a human being.
Purpose-follows logic or common sense |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the statement that establishes the logical connection between a claim and its supporting reason
Example-What ispoisonous should not be eaten. |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the evidence given to support a warrant |
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Term
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Definition
Define-statement that asserts a belief or truth
Example-Americans really did land on the moon, despite what some people think.
Purpose- |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it Example-"Praising the mountain air as that which"the angels brathe," the author next claims that "three months" of the heavenly air can revitalize an Egyptian mummy to its pristine vigor." Purpose- |
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Term
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Definition
Define-to expand upon an idea, giving more information as support for the idea
Example-describe-use words to create a visual image wich the reader can also picture
Purpose-to explain in detail about a point |
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Term
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Definition
Define-thinking about something in a logical, sensible way
Example-Reasoning yourself out of a verbal fight. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a request or direction to do something
Example-Send in this coupon a receive a free sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the act of seeking to change someone else's point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a spoken, written, or visual text that expresses a point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-acknowledgement of potential objections to an argument Example-using "i suppose" or "I must confess" build a reader's confidence in Lewis Thomas Purpose-prepares you and sends a strong signal to the audience that you've scrutinized your own position and can be trusted when you turn to arguing its merits. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a verbal or written answer
Example-Mom:Did you brush your teeth? Kid:Yes, I already brushed my teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-arguments which are conveyed in images
Example-a puzzle or banner or poster can be visual arguments
Purpose-to get a point across or persuade |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-O-overview, P-part, T-text, I-interrelationship, C-conclusion Example-O-a puzzle of Obama, P-background is the american flag, the brightest part is Obama's face, T-the biggest words are, "YES WE CAN", and the background has inspiring words, I-appeals to pathos, C-the puzzle commemorates our newest president Purpose-a good organizer |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-T-title, A-author, G-genre, T-tone, A-audience, P-purpose Example-T-Shooting an Elephant, A-George Orwell, G-short story, T-cold, brash, A-He could be talking to animal lovers and activists, P-He wrote this to show how uncaring people can be and how animals are under appreciated. Purpose-to focus your thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a shift in the mood of the text Example-shifts will often be signaled by key words–but, yet, nevertheless, however, although, punctuation–dashes, periods, colons, stanza and paragraph divisions, changes in line and stanza or sentence length Purpose-to evoke different emotions |
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Term
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Definition
Define-reflect a change in attitude by the author or speaker
Example-critical, thoughtful |
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Term
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Definition
Define-tones are similar but not exactly the same
Example-hopeful, celebratory |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances; moving from specific, to a general conclusion Example-Premise 1: Most American cats are domestic house cats. Premise 2: Bill is an American cat. Conclusion: Bill is a domestic house cat. |
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Definition
| Define-reasoning from the general to the specific Example-We use this in multiple answer questions to eliminate the obviously wrong answers. Example-Premise1:If Portland is the capital of Maine, then it is in Maine. Premise2: Portland is in Maine. Conclusion: Portland is the capital of Maine. |
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Definition
Define-Any product of someone's intellect that has commercial value, especially copyrighted material, patents, and trademarks
Example-the film industry |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own |
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Definition
Define-observing something or someone carefully to gain information
Example-In Chemistry, we wrote down our observations when we lit the wick of a candle.
Purpose-to gather more information |
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Term
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Definition
Defnie-meeting people face to face for a consultation
Example-Oprah conducts interviews with celebrities and interesting people everyday; asking them questions about their lives.
Purpose-to receive information to then pass on, or to make a decision |
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Term
| surveys and questionnaires |
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Definition
Define-investigating by questioning a group of people
Example-We take Career surveys and questionnaires to determine what job path we would best fit.
Purpose-provide persuasive appeals |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a procedure taken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact
Example-Ernest Rutherford's Gold foil experiment determined the shape of atoms
Purpose-to prove a point |
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Term
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Definition
Define-moment-to-moment experience and sensory awareness of events
Example-In my own experience, high school is the biggest test of a person's individuality.
Purpose-a type of elaboration |
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Term
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Definition
Define-an amount or level needed for a specific result or new action to occur
Example-a petition |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-the entire situation in which a situation takes place, including purpose, audience, time and place, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the person or persons to whom an argument is directed
Example-the audience watching a play
Purpose-there to view what is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-presenting an issue in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible choices, one is often made to seem preferable to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action today will have consequences later |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-an appeal is based on excessive emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a corse of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it |
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Term
| appeal to false authority |
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Definition
| Define-a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community |
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Term
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Definition
Define-no distinction is made between serious issues, problems, or failings, and much less important one
Example-
Purpose-to criticize |
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Term
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Definition
Define-fallacy in which a writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his character
Example-
Purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-an inference is drawn from insufficient data |
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Term
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Definition
Define-makes the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second
Example-superstitions |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a key word or phrase is used with more than one meaning
Example-regulation, depression
Purpose- |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-an opponent's argument is overstated or misrepresented Example-Child:"Can we get a dog?" Parent:"No." Child:"It would protect us." Parent:"Still, no." Child:"Why do you want to leave us and our house unprotected?" Purpose-something made easy to refute |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate |
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Term
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Definition
Define-An observation that draws attention away from the central issue
Example-"I think there is great merit in making the requirements stricter for the graduate students. I recommend that you support it, too. After all, we are in a budget crisis and we do not want our salaries affected."
Purpose-to abandon the original topic |
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Term
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Definition
| Define- presenting an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a sentence has too many ideas and runs on too long
Example-Matt takes the train to school Murphy rides the bus. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-an isolated or incomplete part of something
Example-The vase drooped in fragments onto the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the omission of words that would complete or clarify the construction
Example-
Purpose-avoids repeating the equivalent items in a following or preceding construction |
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Term
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Definition
Define-the incorrect belief that an assertion is more likely to be true the more often it is heard; employs constant repetition in asserting a truth
Example-
Purpose-to convince people of something not based on reasons |
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Term
| argumentum ad ignorantium |
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Definition
Define-assuming something is true because it has not been proven false
Example-someone might argue that global warming is occurring because nobody has demonstrated that it is not |
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Term
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Definition
| Define-a person justifies an action against a person by asserting that the person would do the same thing to him/her, when the action is not necessary to prevent one person from doing something to another person Example-I borrowed my friend's sweater, but do not return it because she would have not returned one of mine either. |
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Definition
Define-clearly defined; piercing; merciless or harsh
Example-The customers unhappy, sharp eyes cut into the assistant.
Purpose- |
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Term
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Definition
Define-a person unwilling or unable to believe something
Define-moderation, unemotional, or dispassionate
Example-She restrained her anger toward her condescending coworker.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-evoking a sense of sadness or regret
Example-
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-showing a feeling of patronizing superiority
Example-The teacher had a condescending smile.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-showing contempt; scornful
Example-He was contemptuous of the human race for global warming.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-harsh or cruel
Example-The attitude of the yapping boss was biting.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-happy and honoring or praising
Example-The mood at the wedding reception was celebratory.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-controlling, superior, or expressing authority
Example-The Captain of the George Washington was commanding his sailors.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others
Example-We were compassionate about saving animals.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-of a person or their manner, serious and unrelenting
Example-The boss was always stern with her young employees.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-feeling uncertain about something
Example-The day before the wedding, I was feeling doubtful.
Purpose- |
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Definition
Define-stretched tight or rigid
Example-Everyone was tense at the wake.
Purpose- |
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Define-tending to see the bad side of things or believe that the worst will happen
Example-Do not be so pessimistic about the recital.
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Define-hopeful and confident about the future
Example-The high school student was optimistic about her SAT scores.
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Define-to treat with aparent kindnessthat betrays a feeling of superiority
Example-The lead makeup artist was patronizing the skill of her younger but none the less wiser coworker.
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Define-having or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing
Example-As she watched her fiance slowly sail into the horizon, she gave a last wistful smile.
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Define-giving consolation for grief or anxiety;soothing
Example-The mother was busy comforting the teething child. |
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Define-hostile and aggressive, engaged in a conflict
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Define-a person unwilling or unable to believe something
Example-The audience gave an incredulous gasp when the actor fainted.
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Define-showing or feeling opposition or hostility toward someone or something
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Define-showing or feeling opposition or hostility toward someone or something
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Define-showing a willingness to take surprisingly bold risks
Example-The teenager spewed audacious remarks to the parents.
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Define-full of energy and enthusiasm
Example-The crowd was vibrant by the middle of the concert.
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Define-feeling despair about something
Example-The dog was so old it was hopeless to teach him a new trick.
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Define-able to tolerate delays, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious
Example-When it comes to art, you need to be patient.
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Define-active, fast, and energetic
Example-I took a brisk walk through the park.
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Define-regretfully acknowledging or excusing an offense or failure
Example-After the fight, the two boys were very apologetic.
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Define-difficult to understand, explain, or identify
Example-That man looked mysterious in his hat and long overcoat. |
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Define-causing laughter and amusement
Example-The clowns looked scary, but were humorous.
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