Term
|
Definition
| A tumor that arises from glandular epithelial tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually refers to growths that are encapsulated, remain localized, and are slow growing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neoplastic disorder that can involve all body organs. Cells lose their normal growthcontrolling mechanism, and the growth of cells is uncontrolled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A physical, chemical, or biological stressor that causes neoplastic changes in normal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A new growth or malignant tumor that originates from epithelial cells, the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, uterus, breast, or other organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A premalignant lesion with all the histological characteristics of cancer except invasion of the basement membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neoplasm involving abnormal overproduction of leukocytes, usually at an immature stage, in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neoplasm that originates from lymphoid tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term for growths that are not encapsulated but grow and metastasize. These growths are cancerous lesions having the characteristics of disorderly, uncontrolled, and chaotically proliferating cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. Secondary malignant lesions, originating from the primary tumor, are located in anatomically distant places. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A malignant proliferation of plasma cells within the bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period of time during which an antineoplastic medication has its most profound effects on the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal growth, which may be benign or malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neoplasm that originates from muscle, bone, fat, the lymph system, or connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of classifying malignancies on the basis of the presence and extent of the tumor within the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific bodily substances that seem to indicate tumor progression or regression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that have lost the capacity for specialized functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A life-threatening disorder caused by adrenal hormone insufficiency. Crisis is precipitated by infection, trauma, stress, or surgery. Death can occur from shock, vascular collapse, or hyperkalemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids) from the adrenal gland, resulting in deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones. The condition is fatal if left untreated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The surgical removal of an adrenal gland. Lifelong replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids is necessary with a bilateral adrenalectomy. Temporary replacement may be necessary for up to 2 years for a unilateral adrenalectomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sign of hypocalcemia. A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally increased secretion (endogenous) of cortisol, caused by increased amounts of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic disorder resulting from the chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex or by the administration of glucocorticoids in large doses for several weeks or longer (exogenous or iatrogenic). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nocturnal release of growth hormone, which may cause blood glucose level elevations before breakfast in the client with diabetes mellitus. Treatment includes administering an evening dose of intermediate-acting insulin at 10 PM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland, resulting in failure of tubular reabsorption of water in the kidneys and diuresis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic disorder of glucose intolerance and impaired carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism caused by a deficiency of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin. A deficiency of effective insulin results in hyperglycemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus that develops when a severe insulin deficiency occurs. Hyperglycemia progresses to ketoacidosis over a period of several hours to several days. Acidosis occurs in clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, persons with undiagnosed diabetes, and persons who stop prescribed treatment for diabetes. |
|
|
Term
| hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) |
|
Definition
| Extreme hyperglycemia without acidosis. A complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which may result in dehydration or vascular collapse but does not include the acidosis component of diabetic ketoacidosis. Onset is usually slow, taking from hours to days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rare but serious disorder that results from persistently low thyroid production. Coma can be precipitated by acute illness, rapid withdrawal of thyroid medication, anesthesia and surgery, hypothermia, and the use of sedatives and opioid analgesics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rebound phenomenon that occurs in clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Normal or elevated blood glucose levels are present at bedtime; hypoglycemia occurs at about 2 to 3 AM. Counterregulatory hormones, produced to prevent further hypoglycemia, result in hyperglycemia (evident in the prebreakfast blood glucose level). Treatment includes decreasing the evening (predinner or bedtime) dose of intermediate-acting insulin or increasing the bedtime snack. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acute, potentially fatal exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that may result from manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery, severe infection, or stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sign of hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm can be elicited by compressing the brachial artery with a blood pressure cuff for 3 minutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that results from venous congestion of the hepatic capillaries, which leads to plasma leaking directly from the liver surface and portal vein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A coarse tremor characterized by rapid, nonrhythmic extensions and flexions in the wrist and fingers; also termed liver flap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of the gallbladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inflammation of the gallbladder that may occur as an acute or chronic process. Acute inflammation is associated with gallstones (cholelithiasis). Chronic cholecystitis results when inefficient bile emptying and gallbladder muscle wall disease causes a fibrotic and contracted gallbladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incision into the common bile duct to remove a gallstone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inflammatory disease that can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract but most often affects the terminal ileum; leads to thickening and scarring, narrowed lumen, fistulas, ulcerations, and abscesses. The disease is characterized by remissions and exacerbations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bluish discoloration of the abdomen and periumbilical area seen in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of one or more diverticula from penetration of fecal matter through the thin-walled diverticula, resulting in local abscess formation. A perforated diverticulum can progress to intraabdominal perforation with generalized peritonitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outpouching or herniations of the intestinal mucosa that can occur in any part of the intestine but is most common in the sigmoid colon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid emptying of the gastric contents into the small intestine, which occurs following gastric resection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dilated and tortuous veins in the submucosa of the esophagus caused by portal hypertension, often associated with liver cirrhosis; at high risk for rupture if portal circulation pressure rises. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fruity, musty breath odor associated with severe chronic liver disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of the stomach with attachment of the esophagus to the jejunum or duodenum; also termed esophagojejunostomy or esophagoduodenostomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of the lower half of the stomach, usually including a vagotomy; also termed antrectomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A portion of the stomach that herniates through the diaphragm and into the thorax. Herniation results from weakening of the muscles of the diaphragm and is aggravated by factors that increase abdominal pressure, such as pregnancy, ascites, obesity, tumors, and heavy lifting; also termed esophageal or diaphragmatic hernia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Black, tarry stools as a result of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sign of gallbladder disease consisting of pain on taking a deep breath when the examiner’s fingers are on the approximate location of the gallbladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, with associated escape of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissue. Acute pancreatitis can occur suddenly as one attack or can be recurrent with resolution. Chronic pancreatitis is a continual inflammation and destruction of the pancreas, with scar tissue replacing pancreatic tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlarging the pylorus to prevent or decrease pyloric obstruction, thereby enhancing gastric emptying. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gray-blue discoloration of the flanks seen in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ulcerative and inflammatory disease of the bowel that results in poor absorption of nutrients. Acute ulcerative colitis results in vascular congestion, hemorrhage, edema, and ulceration of the bowel mucosa. Chronic ulcerative colitis causes muscular hypertrophy, fat deposits, and fibrous tissue with bowel thickening, shortening, and narrowing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgical division of the vagus nerve to eliminate the vagal impulses that stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine |
|
Definition
| A vaccine containing attenuated tubercle bacilli that may be given to persons in foreign countries or to those traveling to foreign countries to produce increased resistance to tuberculosis. |
|
|
Term
| Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) |
|
Definition
| The standard determinant of infection with tuberculosis. The TST is performed by injecting 0.1 mL of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) intradermally in the forearm. The skin test reaction is read between 48 and 72 hours later. The reaction is measured in millimeters of the induration (raised, hardened area). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The force against which the heart has to pump (peripheral resistance) to eject blood from the left ventricle. Factors and conditions that would impede blood flow increase left ventricular afterload. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pressure of the blood against the arterial walls. Pressure can be measured indirectly by sphygmomanometer or directly by arterial catheter. Readings are expressed as systolic over diastolic. Arterial pressure increases when the cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or blood volume increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized nerve endings (also called pressoreceptors) located in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. They are affected by changes in the arterial blood pressure (BP). Increases in arterial pressure stimulate baroreceptors and the heart rate and arterial pressure decrease. Decreases in arterial pressure lead to a lessened stimulation of the baroreceptors, vasoconstriction occurs, and the heart rate increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total volume of blood pumped through the heart in 1 minute. The normal cardiac output is 4 to 7 L/minute. Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Cardiac output can be calculated via the thermodilution method when the client has a pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inherent ability of the myocardium to alter contractile force and velocity. Sympathetic stimulation increases myocardial contractility, so stroke volume increases. Conditions that decrease myocardial contractility reduce stroke volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart relaxes between contractions. Diastole represents the period of time when the two ventricles are dilated by the blood flowing into them. |
|
|
Term
| mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
|
Definition
| An approximation of the average pressure in the systemic circulation throughout the cardiac cycle; used in hemodynamic monitoring. Mean arterial pressure must be between 60 and 70 mm Hg for adequate organ perfusion. |
|
|
Term
| postural (orthostatic) hypotension |
|
Definition
| A blood pressure decrease of more than 10 to 15 mm Hg of the systolic pressure or a decrease of more than 10 mm Hg of the diastolic pressure and a 10% to 20% increase in heart rate. Postural hypotension occurs when the client’s blood pressure is not maintained adequately when moving from a lying to a sitting or standing position. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The volume of blood stretching the left ventricle at the end of diastole. Preload is determined by the total circulating blood volume and is increased by an increase in venous return to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) |
|
Definition
The measurement obtained during momentary balloon
inflation of a pulmonary artery catheter; it is reflective of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The PAWP normally ranges between 4 and 12 mm Hg. Decreased PAWP indicates hypovolemia, whereas increased PAWP indicates hypervolemia, left ventricular failure, or mitral regurgitation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. Normal pulse pressure is 30 to 40 mm Hg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve endings located in the vena cava and the right atrium that respond to pressure changes affecting circulatory blood volume. When the blood pressure decreases because of hypovolemia, a sympathetic response occurs, causing an increased heart rate and blood vessel constriction. When the blood pressure increases because of hypervolemia, an opposite effect occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction. The normal stroke volume is 70 to 130 mL/heartbeat. The stroke volume can be affected by preload, afterload, contractility, and the Frank-Starling law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles, during which blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The force exerted by the blood against the vein walls. Normal venous pressures are highest in the extremities (5 to 14 cm H2O in the arm), and lowest closest to the heart (6 to 8 cm H2O in the inferior vena cava). |
|
|
Term
| acute kidney injury (AKI) |
|
Definition
| The sudden loss of kidney function caused by renal cell damage from ischemia or toxic substances. It occurs abruptly and can be reversible. Acute kidney injury leads to hypoperfusion, cell death, and decompensation in renal function. The prognosis depends on the cause and condition of the client. Near-normal or normal kidney function may resume gradually. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine output of less than 100 mL/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A syndrome that can develop following the insertion of an arteriovenous fistula when too much blood is diverted to the vein and arterial perfusion to the hand is compromised. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgical creation by anastomosis of an opening, or fistula, between a large artery and a large vein. The flow of arterial blood into the venous system causes the vein to become engorged (maturity). Maturity is necessary so that the engorged vein can be punctured using a large-bore needle. This also allows the blood to be returned quickly for effective dialysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The retention of nitrogenous waste products in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| chronic kidney disease (CKD) |
|
Definition
| The progressive loss and ongoing deterioration in kidney function. It is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 mL/minute for a period of 3 months or longer. It is irreversible and results in uremia or end-stage kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease requires dialysis or kidney transplantation to maintain life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rapid change in the composition of the extracellular fluid that occurs during hemodialysis. Solutes are removed from the blood faster than from the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Fluid is pulled into the brain, causing cerebral edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of kidney stones. Kidney stones are formed in the renal parenchyma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine output of less than 400 mL/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of urinary stones or calculi. Urinary calculi are formed in the ureter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process whereby a clear visual image is maintained as the gaze is shifted from a distant to a near point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual distortion that results from an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens, in which light rays focus on two different points on the retina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An opacity of the lens that distorts the image projected onto the retina and that can progress to blindness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mechanical dysfunction or blockage of sound waves to the inner ear fibers because of external ear or middle ear disorders. The blockage can be caused by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, pus, or serum in the middle ear. Disorders often can be corrected with no damage to hearing or minimal permanent hearing loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paralysis of the ciliary muscles by medications that block muscarinic receptors. Cycloplegia causes blurred vision because the shape of the lens can no longer be adjusted for near-vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased intraocular pressure as a result of inadequate drainage of aqueous humor from the canal of Schlemm or from overproduction of aqueous humor. The condition damages the optic nerve and can result in blindness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farsightedness; objects converge to a point behind the retina. Vision beyond 20 feet is normal, but near-vision is poor. The condition is corrected by a convex lens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The best visual acuity with corrective lenses in the better eye of 20/200 or less, or the visual field is no greater than 20 degrees in its widest diameter in the better eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blurred central vision caused by progressive degeneration of the center of the retina. The condition may be atrophic or age-related, or dry or exudative (wet). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constriction of the pupil, which occurs primarily by stimulation of the muscarinic receptors of the sphincter muscles. It is seen with the use of pilocarpine drops when treating glaucoma, when using opioids, or when there is brain damage of the pons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constricting the pupil; a medication that causes constriction of the pupil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dilated pupil that occurs because of blockage of the muscarinic receptors of the sphincter muscles or by stimulation of the α-receptors of the dilator muscles. Enlarged pupils occur with stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, use of dilating drops, acute glaucoma, or past or recent trauma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dilating the pupil; a medication that dilates the pupil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nearsightedness; rays coming from an object are focused in front of the retina. Near-vision is normal, but distant vision is defective. A biconcave lens is used for correction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gradual nerve degeneration associated with aging; a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss. |
|
|
Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Definition
A pathological process of the inner ear or of the sensory fibers that lead to the cerebral cortex. Such hearing loss often is permanent, and measures must be taken to reduce
further damage or to attempt to amplify sound as a means of improving hearing to some degree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syndrome characterized by paroxysmal hypertension, bradycardia, excessive sweating, facial flushing, nasal congestion, pilomotor responses, and headache. The syndrome occurs with spinal lesions above T6 after the period of spinal shock is complete. Triggers include visceral stimulation from a distended bladder or impacted rectum. The syndrome is a neurological emergency and must be treated immediately to prevent a hypertensive stroke. It is also known as autonomic hyperreflexia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsiflexion of the big toe with extension; elicited by firmly stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary flexion of the hip and knee when the neck is passively flexed; indicates meningeal irritation. |
|
|
Term
| decerebrate (extensor) posturing |
|
Definition
Stiff extension of one or both arms and possibly the legs;
indicates a brainstem lesion. |
|
|
Term
| decorticate (flexor) posturing |
|
Definition
| Flexure of one or both arms on the chest and possibly stiff extension of the legs; indicates damaged cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test used to diagnose myasthenia gravis and to differentiate between myasthenic crisis and cholinergic crisis; may also be called the Tensilon test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No motor response display in any extremity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blindness in half the visual field. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of half of the field of view on the same side in both eyes. |
|
|
Term
| increased intracranial pressure |
|
Definition
| Increased pressure within the skull caused by trauma, hemorrhage, growths or tumors, hydrocephalus, edema, or inflammation. Increased pressure can impede circulation to the brain and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid and can affect nerve cell functioning, leading to brainstem compression and death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of the ability of a supine client to straighten the leg completely when it is fully flexed at the knee and hip; indicates meningeal irritation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs most commonly in clients with injuries above T6 and usually is experienced soon after the injury. Massive vasodilation occurs, leading to pooling of blood in the blood vessels, tissue hypoperfusion, and impaired cellular metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stiff neck; flexion of the neck onto the chest causes intense pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as spinal shock syndrome. It is a complete but temporary loss of motor, sensory, reflex, and autonomic function that occurs immediately after injury as the cord’s response to the injury. It usually lasts less than 48 hours but can continue for several weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inability to recognize a physical impairment on one side of the body. It occurs most commonly in clients who have had a right cerebral stroke; also known as neglect syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition in which pressure increases in a confined anatomical space, leading to decreased blood flow, ischemia, and dysfunction of these tissues. Initial ischemia with pain, pallor, paresthesia, muscle weakness, and loss of pulses may progress to necrosis and permanent muscle cell dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stabilization of a fracture by the use of an external frame, with multiple pins applied through the bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden dislodgment of a fat globule that is freed into the circulation, where it can lodge in a blood vessel and obstruct blood flow to tissue distal to the obstruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stabilization of a fracture that involves the application of screws, plates, pins, or nails to hold the fragments in alignment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Correction or realignment of a bone fracture or joint dislocation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exertion of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to establish and maintain correct alignment for healing and to decrease muscle spasms and pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunity received passively from the mother’s antibodies, animal serum, or antibodies produced in response to a disease. Immunization produces active acquired immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An immediate response that provides protection against acute, rapidly developing bacterial and viral infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunity present at birth, and is the first-line defense against pathogens; also known as natural immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin lesions that occur in individuals with a compromised immune system. |
|
|
