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| A well-born man statesmen who became leader of Athens. His rule is called Athens golden age. His three goals for Athens were A stronger Democracy, an Athenian empire and Glorifying Athens. |
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| In 490 B.C. a Persian fleet carried 25,000 Aegean sea and landed on a plain northeast of Athens called marathon. The 10,000 Greek soldiers waiting charged the Persians who fled the scene. The Athenians then chose the young runner Pheidippides to race back to Athens and tell the people f their victory. |
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| A narrow mountain pass that the Greeks blocked from the Athenians for three days until a traitor told of a secret pass through the hills. |
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| Darius’s son and successor who vowed to crush the Greeks. |
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| An alliance of 140 city-states with Athens being the leading state |
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| The war between Sparta and Athens that lasted for 27 years. In the end Athens surrendered and lost everything 341-413 B.C. |
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| a government in which citzens rule directly rather then through a representative. |
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| A playwright in ancient Athens who wrote about 100 plays(tradegies like oedipus) |
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| wrote many Comedies such as The Birds and Lysistrata. Lysistrata made fun of the Peloponnesian War and how the wives forced their husbands to end it. |
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| A Greek athletic competition that was a way to please the gods and honor dead heroes. Wars between City-States were suspended so all athletes could compete, and it occurs every four years. |
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| The largest known Hellenistic statue sculpted from bronze on the island of Rhodes, and it commemorates a naval victory by the Greeks against foes who would have enslaved them. |
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| an Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. |
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| A Greek speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization. |
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| A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek |
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| A military formation of foot soldiers armed with swords and shields |
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| A Greek city-state- the fundamental political city unit of ancient Greece after 750 B.C. |
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| He was a highly-regarded mathematician who opened a school of Geometry in Alexandria, and compiled texts of math such as his best-known book “Elements” that contained 465 carefully presented geometry propositions and proofs. His work is still the basis for courses in Geometry. |
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| He was a scholar that closely calculated the Earth’s true size, and he was the director of the Alexandrian Library. He was also a highly regarded astronomer, poet, historian, and mathematician. He used Geometry to compute the Earth’s circumference at 24,662 miles, which is within 1% of today’s calculation of 24,860 miles. |
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| He was the Greek Astronomer that expanded Aristotle’s idea of the entire solar system revolving around the Earth. He also seized Egypt and became a Pharaoh after Alexander the Great died. |
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| He was a Greek astronomer that made the first model of the Solar System with the Sun in the center of the Solar System rather than the Earth. His ideas were rejected by other astronomers, but his ideas were revived by Copernicus. |
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| A Greek culture that formed after Alexander the Great died that blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. Many cities spoke “Koine,” a language that was the direct result of cultural blending. The word “Koine” came from the Greek word for “Common.” The language enabled educated people and traders from diverse backgrounds to communicate throughout the Hellenistic world. |
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| An African city that became the center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. Its strategic location west of the Nile Delta allowed ships to dock in its harbor, and for many diverse cultures to blend within the crowded markets of the town. Its most famous attractions were its Museum that served as an institute of advanced studies and its library that held half a million papyrus scrolls and masterpieces of ancient literature. |
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| A macedonian king(alexander the great's father) that took over Greece |
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| A kingdom just north of Greece that had rough mountains and cold climate. They were tough people that lived in Mountain villages rather than City-States. They had a language similar to Greek, and most nobles actually considered themselves to be Greeks. They Greeks looked down upon them and considered them as uncivilized foreigners who had no great philosophers, sculptors, or writers. They did, however, have an important resource in their fearless kings. |
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| He was an Athenian orator that tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army posed. He urged them to unite against him, but couldn’t agree on any single policy. When Athens and Thebes finally united, it was too late because the Macedonians had defeated them at the battle of Chaeronea and ended the Greek’s independence. |
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| A government in which power is in the hands of a few people- rule is based on wealth |
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| The greatest Greek storyteller, a blind man who composed many epics between 750 to 700 B.C. EX. The Iliad and The Odyssey |
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| The term for a peasant bound to the land in ancient Sparta(forced to stay of the land they worked and the Spartans took their harvest). |
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| A Hellenistic philosophy founded by Epicurus called the “School of Thought.” The philosophy stated that “The universe was composed of atoms and ruled by gods who had no interest in humans,” and that the only real objects were those that the five senses perceived. The greatest good and the highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain. |
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| A Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno called the “School of Philosophy.” The philosophy stated that there was a divine power who controlled the universe, and proposed that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with the natural law. They preached that vices such as human desires, power, and wealth were dangerous distractions that should be controlled. It promoted social unity and encouraged its followers to focus on things they could control. |
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| He was an important Hellenistic scientist from Syracuse that studied at Alexandria. He accurately estimated the value of pi and explained the law of the lever, and he also invented the compound pulley to lift heavy objects. |
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| He was a Greek historian that remarked that Egypt was the “gift of the Nile.” He explained what he had understood as the process of mummification of the Egyptians. He also studied and explained the Phoenician's feat out of the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean and beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. He also wrote about the amazingly fast travels of Persian Couriers along the Royal Road. |
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| The philosopher that questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. He invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic. He later applied this to problems in the fields of Psychology, Physics, and Biology. His work provides the basis of the scientific method used today. He opened his own school in Athens called the Lyceum, and also taught Alexander, son of King Philip. |
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| He was a poet and a philosopher that was a student of Socrates. He founded a school called the Academy that lasted for approximately 900 years. His most famous work was called “The Republic,” and it was about his view of a perfectly governed society. His writings dominated philosophical thought in Europe for nearly 1,500 years, and his only rivals were Socrates and his own pupil Aristotle. |
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| He was one of the most powerful thinkers in history, and encouraged his students to examine what their beliefs.He asked his students a series of questions to show that people hold many different opinions, and his method of question-and-answer teaching became known as the Socratic method. He was brought to trial when he was 70 for “corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city’s gods,” and even though his teachings forced his students to think about their values and actions, the jury sentenced him to death. |
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