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Vocabulary for Afric and India
Various tradiotional words for Africa and India
205
History
7th Grade
06/17/2010
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Term
mandate
 Definition
a country placed under the control of another power
Term
Persian Gulf War
 Definition
On 1991, was between United States and Iraq.
Term
Palestine
 Definition
A Southwest Asian region often called the holy land.
Term
Arab-Israel Wars
 Definition
A series of wars between 1948 and 1973.
Term
Kurd
 Definition
A member of a group of mountain people who live in Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syrian, and Turkey.
Term
OPEC
 Definition
The Organization of Petroleum Eporting Countries.
Term
Hajj
 Definition
A primalige to Mecca that most Muslims try to make at least once in a lifetime.
Term

Primary Product

 Definition
A raw material used to manufactor other products.
Term
Ramadan
 Definition
The ninth month of Islamic years.
Term
Secondary Product
 Definition
A product manufactored from raw material.
Term
Petrochemical
 Definition
A product made from petroleum or natural gas.
Term

Plateau

 Definition
A raised area of relatively level land.
Term
Great Rift Valley
 Definition
A series of broad, steep- walled valleys that stretch from the Red Sea to Mozambique.
Term
Sahel
 Definition

 

A semiarid region south of the Sahara Desert.
Term
Desertification
 Definition
The process by which land that can be farmed or lived on turns into desert.
Term

Drought

 Definition
A long period of time without rain.
Term
Savanna
 Definition
A flat glassland in a tropical or subtropical region.
Term
Nonrenewable resources
 Definition
A resource that cannot be replaced or can be replaced over millions or years.
Term
Renewable resources
 Definition
A resource that can be used and replaced over a relatively short time period.
Term
Racism
 Definition

 

The beleif that one race is interior to another.
Term
Diversity
 Definition
Variety of cultures and viewpoints.
Term
Mughal Empire
 Definition
An empire lasting from 1526 to 1707.
Term
Muslim League
 Definition
A group formed by Muslims in India on 1906 to protect their rights.
Term
India National Congress
 Definition
In India, a congress formed in 1885.
Term
Mohandas Gandhi
 Definition
A great leader in India.
Term
Taliban
 Definition
A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government.
Term
Martial Law
 Definition
Temporary military rule during a time of war.
Term
Dalit
 Definition
A member of a group of people in India known as Untouchables.
Term
Indira Gandhi
 Definition
Became India's first woman prime minister, in 1966.
Term
Panchayet
 Definition
A village council in India.
Term
Jute
 Definition
A fibrous plant used to make twine, bags, sacks, and burlap.
Term
Information Technology
 Definition
Technology, including computers, software, and the Internet.
Term
Green Revolution
 Definition
A movement that began in the late 1060's.
Term
Taj Mahal
 Definition
The famous building in India.
Term
Mahabharata
 Definition
An epic poem about the growth of Hinduism.
Term
Dialect
 Definition
A regional variety of a language.
Term
Indo-Aryan
 Definition
Related to the family of languages that includes almost all European and many Indian languages.
Term
Dowry
 Definition
Money or property given by a brides family to her new husband and his family.
Term
Acropolis
 Definition
In Athens, this was a high hill that was at the center of the city-state.
Term
Parthenon
 Definition
This white,marble temple was built in honor of Athena and stood at the top of the Acropolis in Athens
Term
Myron
 Definition
Lived in Greece's "golden age." He was a sculpture and made the famous sculpture called The Discus Thrower
Term
Phidias
 Definition
Scultor in Athens during the "golden age." He created the Parthenon's statue of Athena and the statue of Zeus at the temple of Athena. This statue was once thought to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Term
Philosophy
 Definition
The study of basic questions of reality and human existence.
Term
Socrates
 Definition
An important Athenian thinker who taught that education was key to personal growth. Instead of memorization, he stressed that students think for themselves. He asked questions that forced student's to test their own values and idea. This way of teaching through questions became known as the Socratic Method.
Term
Plato
 Definition
Considered the greatest of Socrates students, this wealthy young aristocrat founded the Academy, a special school in Athens for teaching philosophy.
Term
Herodotus
 Definition
Considered the first historian of the Western world. He traveled to, and wrote about the histories of, Babylonia, Phonecia, and Egypt. Often called the Father of History.
Term
aristocracy
 Definition
a government ruled by the upper class. Also, Plato's ideal government that was made up of philosophers who were chosen for their wisdom, ability, and high ideals, not simply through their wealth or birthright
Term
Aristotle
 Definition
One of Plato's students in the Academy. He believed that every field of knowledge must be studied logically. He collected as many facts as possible and organized them into systems for defining and classifying things. This process of organization is an important part of modern science. 
Term
Hippocrates
 Definition
Greek who is believed to be the father of modern medical science. It is believed he performed and wrote  between around 60 to 70 medical studies. Based on observation, experiment, and and experience, he helped to collect medical knowledge in a useable form.
Term
dramas
 Definition
first written by Greeks; these were plays containing action or dialogue and involving conflict and emotion
Term
tragedies
 Definition
A type of greek play involving a main character who struggles against fate or other events. Often, tragic heroes were punished for displaying hubris-the sin of pride. Hubris offended the gods and doomed the hero to a tragic end.
Term
Aristophanes
 Definition
play-write of comedies, made fun of Socrates in the play entitled Clouds and was a vocal supporter of the anti-war movement
Term
Phillip II of Macedon
 Definition
Became King after being a hostage in Thebes. While there he came to admire Greek ways. He recruited and organized the best-disciplined Army in Macedon history. 
Term
Phalanx
 Definition
a most powerful military formation and tactic that contained rows of soldiers shoulder to shoulder. They carried pikes, spears, and long (18 ft./5 mtrs.) spikes and proved especially effective against calvary charges.
Term
Orators
 Definition
Public speakers, especially popular in Hellenistic Greece
Term
Desmothene
 Definition
One of the finest Greek orators who led an unsuccessful rebellion against Phillip II
Term
Zeno
 Definition
Stoic philosopher who believed people should accept their fate in life. Also, Stoics believed one could only find happiness by following the "spark" of the divine that is found within everyone. The Stoics greatly influenced Roman and Christian thinking.
Term
Epicurus
 Definition
Founder of Epicurean philosophy, that stressed the seeking of pleasure and avoidance of pain. They believed limiting desires was the way to avoid suffering.
Term
Euclid
 Definition
He showed how geometric statements flow logically from one to another. He is credited with the basics found in todays Geometry books.
Term
Archimedes
 Definition
Calculated the value of Pi. He used math to explain levers and was the inventor of the pulley and Archimedes Screw.
Term
Aristarchus
 Definition
Greek Astronomer, believed that the Earth and other planets moved around the sun but couldn't convince others.
Term
Eratosthenes
 Definition
Greek Astronomer, knew the Earth was roun. He calculated the distance around the Earth with extreme accuracy.
Term
Hannibal
 Definition
One of the greatest generals of all time. He assembled a huge Carthaginian army that included foot soldiers, horse soldiers, and elephants. He marched this army across the Alps into Italy. 
Term
the Gracchi
 Definition

Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, who saw need for reform in the Roman Republic. Tiberius was clubbed to death by senators who were angered and frightened by his suggested land reforms for the common people (the farmer-soldier).

Gaius was elected tribune in 123 B.C. after his brother died and used public funds to buy grain, which was then sold to the poor at low prices. senators were again angered and he was eventually killed in a riot. there deaths marked a turning point in Roman history as, from that point on, violence replaced respect for the law as the primary tool of politics.
Term
Gnaeus Pompey
 Definition
One of the once popular generals who joined with Julius Caesar and Licinius Crassus to form the First Triumvirate. He became jealous of Caesar's fame and when he tried to order Caesar to give up his command, Caesar followed and defeated him in Greece.
Term
Pax Romana
 Definition
The period of peace, in the Roman Empire, that would last for more than 200 years.
Term
The Crusades
 Definition
A series of military expeditions by European Christians to regain the Holy Land.
Term
barter economy
 Definition
an economy where goods and services are exchanged for other goods and services without using money
Term
the domestic system
 Definition
the system of manufacturing that developed during the middle ages-It is the time when the process of manufacturing took place in workers' homes rather in a shop or factory
Term
capital
 Definition
wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits
Term
market economy
 Definition
The combination of manufacturing, banking, and investing of capital were the first steps toward the creation of a "market economy." In a market economy, land, labor, and capital are controlled by individual persons. This medieval market economy formed the basis for our modern economy.
Term
Minoan
 Definition
The earliest Greek civilization named after the legendary King Minos who had his palace in the city of Knossos.
Term
polis
 Definition
The Greek word for city-state, a polis usually developed around a fort
Term
agora
 Definition
marketplace that usually served as the main public meeting place
Term
Homer
 Definition
wrote the classic epics the Illiad and the Odyssey that tell about the legends of the Trojan War and the adventures of Odysseus on his way home from the war.
Term
Myths
 Definition
traditional stories about gods, goddesses, and heroes.
Term
oracles
 Definition
The place where Greeks would visit to ask questions of the gods about their future. Usually interpreted by priests and priestesses.
Term
hoplite
 Definition
heavy infantry who carried long spears and who fought un closely spaced rows, came before the phalanx
Term
helots
 Definition
these were what they called the people conquered by the Spartans and forced to work for them
Term
Draco
 Definition
An early ruler of Athens, he is believed to have written Athen's first law code around 621. B.C. Said to be harsh and severe and the orgin of the word "draconian"
Term
import
 Definition
a good or service bought from another country or region
Term
export
 Definition
a good or service sold to another region or country
Term
pedagogue
 Definition
a male slave who was used by the upper classes to educate and teach their boys manners. he would go everywhere with the boy, including school.
Term
ethics
 Definition
deals with what is good and bad, and moral duty
Term
rhetoric
 Definition
the study of oratory, or public speaking and debating
Term
Persian Wars
 Definition
the series of conflicts between Greece and Persia that lasted from about 500 B.C. until 479 B.C.
Term
The Battle of Thermopylae
 Definition
The battle that the movie "the 300" is based on where a small force of 300 Spartans met the Greeks at the moutain pass of Thermopylae, thespartans were defeated and fought to the death of every last one of them
Term
the Delian League
 Definition
an alliance of city-states in which Athens was the leader. Eventually the league included 140 other city-states, who each contributed money and ships
Term
Pericles
 Definition
One of the greatest Greek statesmen and leaders of Athens. He was responsible for building the Parthenon and the Acropolis.
Term
Peloponnesian War
 Definition
The war between Athens and Sparta that lasted for 27 years ulimately ending with Sparta, through the help of Persia, winning and reducing Athens (for a time) to a second rate power.
Term
Cleopatra
 Definition
daughter of the ruling family in egypt whom caesar put in power as a Roman ally
Term
dictator
 Definition
Look this up!!
Term
plebians
 Definition
made up most of the population of the early Rome Republic, mostly farmers and workers 
Term
Spartacus
 Definition
Roman slave who, tired of the horrible lives and poor treatment of slaves, led a brutal revolt that included more than 70,000 slaves.
Term
Julius Caeser
 Definition
One of the most famous and powerful of the Roman leaders; he was killed by conspirators (et tu Brute?) in his own senate.
Term
censors
 Definition
Look this up!!
Term
Augustus Caesar
 Definition
grandnephew of Caeser, who was also known as Octavian, when he was appointed leader he refused to present himself as king or emperor, instead he called himself "first citizen" 
Term
Judio-Claudian Emperors
 Definition
the name given to the relatives of Julius Caeser that ruled the Roman Empire
Term
gladiators
 Definition
trained fighters that were usually slaves
Term
Ptolemy
 Definition
a scientist, scholar, and (most importantly) an astronomer whose "Ptolemic system" was based on the belief that the sun, the planets, and the stars revolved around the earth.
Term
aqueducts
 Definition
bridgelike structures that carried water from the mountains, served like today's modern plumbing pipes
Term
Virgil
 Definition
lived during Augustus's rule and was considered the greatest of the Roman poets
Term
Jesus
 Definition
Jewish teacher whose followers founded Christianity
Term
martyrs
 Definition
when one is put to death for their believe system or religious ideals
Term
Vandals
 Definition
German invaders whose name has come to mean "one who destroys another's property"
Term
Constantine
 Definition
Son of Constantius, he took the place of Roman Emperor after his father's sudden death. He created the new capital city in the east called Consatinople.
Term
Attila
 Definition
fierce leader of the Huns who launched an attack on the Romans in Gaul
Term
middle class
 Definition
groups made up of a towns' guild members; they made up the class between the nobles and that of peasants and unskilled workers 
Term
craft guild
 Definition
skilled workers who came together to improve their working and living conditions; they would look after each other like extended families
Term
apprentice
 Definition
the first stage that one goes through in learning a new trade through a guild
Term
journeyman
 Definition
the name they give to an apprentice once he has reached the level of training in which they are considered a paid, skilled artisan
Term
Black Death
 Definition
a plague that came from the trade routes of Asia and flea-infested rats; it swept through Europe killing millions
Term
vernacular language
 Definition
the everyday speech common among the uneducated that varied from place to place
Term
Gothic
 Definition
a new type of architecture developed in the Middle Ages that was characterized by arches, domes, vaults, and other ornate styles
Term
scholasticism
 Definition
a philososphy that attempts to bring together faith and reason
Term
Great Schism
 Definition
the period in history when as many as three popes ruled at one time
Term
pope
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
veto
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
rabbis
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
inflation
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
checks and balances
 Definition
LOOK THIS UP!!
Term
Acropolis
 Definition
In Athens, this was a high hill that was at the center of the city-state.
Term
Parthenon
 Definition
This white,marble temple was built in honor of Athena and stood at the top of the Acropolis in Athens
Term
Myron
 Definition
Lived in Greece's "golden age." He was a sculpture and made the famous sculpture called The Discus Thrower
Term
Phidias
 Definition
Scultor in Athens during the "golden age." He created the Parthenon's statue of Athena and the statue of Zeus at the temple of Athena. This statue was once thought to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Term
Philosophy
 Definition
The study of basic questions of reality and human existence.
Term
Socrates
 Definition
An important Athenian thinker who taught that education was key to personal growth. Instead of memorization, he stressed that students think for themselves. He asked questions that forced student's to test their own values and idea. This way of teaching through questions became known as the Socratic Method.
Term
Plato
 Definition
Considered the greatest of Socrates students, this wealthy young aristocrat founded the Academy, a special school in Athens for teaching philosophy.
Term
Herodotus
 Definition
Considered the first historian of the Western world. He traveled to, and wrote about the histories of, Babylonia, Phonecia, and Egypt. Often called the Father of History.
Term
aristocracy
 Definition
a government ruled by the upper class. Also, Plato's ideal government that was made up of philosophers who were chosen for their wisdom, ability, and high ideals, not simply through their wealth or birthright
Term
Aristotle
 Definition
One of Plato's students in the Academy. He believed that every field of knowledge must be studied logically. He collected as many facts as possible and organized them into systems for defining and classifying things. This process of organization is an important part of modern science. 
Term
Hippocrates
 Definition
Greek who is believed to be the father of modern medical science. It is believed he performed and wrote  between around 60 to 70 medical studies. Based on observation, experiment, and and experience, he helped to collect medical knowledge in a useable form.
Term
dramas
 Definition
first written by Greeks; these were plays containing action or dialogue and involving conflict and emotion
Term
tragedies
 Definition
A type of greek play involving a main character who struggles against fate or other events. Often, tragic heroes were punished for displaying hubris-the sin of pride. Hubris offended the gods and doomed the hero to a tragic end.
Term
Aristophanes
 Definition
play-write of comedies, made fun of Socrates in the play entitled Clouds and was a vocal supporter of the anti-war movement
Term
Phillip II of Macedon
 Definition
Became King after being a hostage in Thebes. While there he came to admire Greek ways. He recruited and organized the best-disciplined Army in Macedon history. 
Term
Phalanx
 Definition
a most powerful military formation and tactic that contained rows of soldiers shoulder to shoulder. They carried pikes, spears, and long (18 ft./5 mtrs.) spikes and proved especially effective against calvary charges.
Term
Orators
 Definition
Public speakers, especially popular in Hellenistic Greece
Term
Desmothene
 Definition
One of the finest Greek orators who led an unsuccessful rebellion against Phillip II
Term
Zeno
 Definition
Stoic philosopher who believed people should accept their fate in life. Also, Stoics believed one could only find happiness by following the "spark" of the divine that is found within everyone. The Stoics greatly influenced Roman and Christian thinking.
Term
Epicurus
 Definition
Founder of Epicurean philosophy, that stressed the seeking of pleasure and avoidance of pain. They believed limiting desires was the way to avoid suffering.
Term
Euclid
 Definition
He showed how geometric statements flow logically from one to another. He is credited with the basics found in todays Geometry books.
Term
Archimedes
 Definition
Calculated the value of Pi. He used math to explain levers and was the inventor of the pulley and Archimedes Screw.
Term
Aristarchus
 Definition
Greek Astronomer, believed that the Earth and other planets moved around the sun but couldn't convince others.
Term
Eratosthenes
 Definition
Greek Astronomer, knew the Earth was roun. He calculated the distance around the Earth with extreme accuracy.
Term
Hannibal
 Definition
One of the greatest generals of all time. He assembled a huge Carthaginian army that included foot soldiers, horse soldiers, and elephants. He marched this army across the Alps into Italy. 
Term
the Gracchi
 Definition

Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, who saw need for reform in the Roman Republic. Tiberius was clubbed to death by senators who were angered and frightened by his suggested land reforms for the common people (the farmer-soldier).

Gaius was elected tribune in 123 B.C. after his brother died and used public funds to buy grain, which was then sold to the poor at low prices. senators were again angered and he was eventually killed in a riot. there deaths marked a turning point in Roman history as, from that point on, violence replaced respect for the law as the primary tool of politics.
Term
Gnaeus Pompey
 Definition
One of the once popular generals who joined with Julius Caesar and Licinius Crassus to form the First Triumvirate. He became jealous of Caesar's fame and when he tried to order Caesar to give up his command, Caesar followed and defeated him in Greece.
Term
Pax Romana
 Definition
The period of peace, in the Roman Empire, that would last for more than 200 years.
Term
The Crusades
 Definition
A series of military expeditions by European Christians to regain the Holy Land.
Term
barter economy
 Definition
an economy where goods and services are exchanged for other goods and services without using money
Term
the domestic system
 Definition
the system of manufacturing that developed during the middle ages-It is the time when the process of manufacturing took place in workers' homes rather in a shop or factory
Term
capital
 Definition
wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits
Term
market economy
 Definition
The combination of manufacturing, banking, and investing of capital were the first steps toward the creation of a "market economy." In a market economy, land, labor, and capital are controlled by individual persons. This medieval market economy formed the basis for our modern economy.
Term
Minoan
 Definition
The earliest Greek civilization named after the legendary King Minos who had his palace in the city of Knossos.
Term
polis
 Definition
The Greek word for city-state, a polis usually developed around a fort
Term
agora
 Definition
marketplace that usually served as the main public meeting place
Term
Homer
 Definition
wrote the classic epics the Illiad and the Odyssey that tell about the legends of the Trojan War and the adventures of Odysseus on his way home from the war.
Term
Myths
 Definition
traditional stories about gods, goddesses, and heroes.
Term
oracles
 Definition
The place where Greeks would visit to ask questions of the gods about their future. Usually interpreted by priests and priestesses.
Term
hoplite
 Definition
heavy infantry who carried long spears and who fought un closely spaced rows, came before the phalanx
Term
helots
 Definition
these were what they called the people conquered by the Spartans and forced to work for them
Term
Draco
 Definition
An early ruler of Athens, he is believed to have written Athen's first law code around 621. B.C. Said to be harsh and severe and the orgin of the word "draconian"
Term
import
 Definition
a good or service bought from another country or region
Term
export
 Definition
a good or service sold to another region or country
Term
pedagogue
 Definition
a male slave who was used by the upper classes to educate and teach their boys manners. he would go everywhere with the boy, including school.
Term
ethics
 Definition
deals with what is good and bad, and moral duty
Term
rhetoric
 Definition
the study of oratory, or public speaking and debating
Term
Persian Wars
 Definition
the series of conflicts between Greece and Persia that lasted from about 500 B.C. until 479 B.C.
Term
The Battle of Thermopylae
 Definition
The battle that the movie "the 300" is based on where a small force of 300 Spartans met the Greeks at the moutain pass of Thermopylae, thespartans were defeated and fought to the death of every last one of them
Term
the Delian League
 Definition
an alliance of city-states in which Athens was the leader. Eventually the league included 140 other city-states, who each contributed money and ships
Term
Pericles
 Definition
One of the greatest Greek statesmen and leaders of Athens. He was responsible for building the Parthenon and the Acropolis.
Term
Peloponnesian War
 Definition
The war between Athens and Sparta that lasted for 27 years ulimately ending with Sparta, through the help of Persia, winning and reducing Athens (for a time) to a second rate power.
Term
Cleopatra
 Definition
daughter of the ruling family in egypt whom caesar put in power as a Roman ally
Term
dictator
 Definition
Look this up!!
Term
plebians
 Definition
made up most of the population of the early Rome Republic, mostly farmers and workers 
Term
Spartacus
 Definition
Roman slave who, tired of the horrible lives and poor treatment of slaves, led a brutal revolt that included more than 70,000 slaves.
Term
Julius Caeser
 Definition
One of the most famous and powerful of the Roman leaders; he was killed by conspirators (et tu Brute?) in his own senate.
Term
censors
 Definition
Look this up!!
Term
Augustus Caesar
 Definition
grandnephew of Caeser, who was also known as Octavian, when he was appointed leader he refused to present himself as king or emperor, instead he called himself "first citizen" 
Term
Judio-Claudian Emperors
 Definition
the name given to the relatives of Julius Caeser that ruled the Roman Empire
Term
gladiators
 Definition
trained fighters that were usually slaves
Term
Ptolemy
 Definition
a scientist, scholar, and (most importantly) an astronomer whose "Ptolemic system" was based on the belief that the sun, the planets, and the stars revolved around the earth.
Term
aqueducts
 Definition
bridgelike structures that carried water from the mountains, served like today's modern plumbing pipes
Term
Virgil
 Definition
lived during Augustus's rule and was considered the greatest of the Roman poets
Term
Jesus
 Definition
Jewish teacher whose followers founded Christianity
Term
martyrs
 Definition
when one is put to death for their believe system or religious ideals
Term
Vandals
 Definition
German invaders whose name has come to mean "one who destroys another's property"
Term
Constantine
 Definition
Son of Constantius, he took the place of Roman Emperor after his father's sudden death. He created the new capital city in the east called Consatinople.
Term
Attila
 Definition
fierce leader of the Huns who launched an attack on the Romans in Gaul
Term
middle class
 Definition
groups made up of a towns' guild members; they made up the class between the nobles and that of peasants and unskilled workers 
Term
craft guild
 Definition
skilled workers who came together to improve their working and living conditions; they would look after each other like extended families
Term
apprentice
 Definition
the first stage that one goes through in learning a new trade through a guild
Term
journeyman
 Definition
the name they give to an apprentice once he has reached the level of training in which they are considered a paid, skilled artisan
Term
Black Death
 Definition
a plague that came from the trade routes of Asia and flea-infested rats; it swept through Europe killing millions
Term
vernacular language
 Definition
the everyday speech common among the uneducated that varied from place to place
Term
Gothic
 Definition
a new type of architecture developed in the Middle Ages that was characterized by arches, domes, vaults, and other ornate styles
Term
scholasticism
 Definition
a philososphy that attempts to bring together faith and reason
Term
Great Schism
 Definition
the period in history when as many as three popes ruled at one time
Term
pope
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
veto
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
rabbis
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
inflation
 Definition
LOOK UP!!
Term
checks and balances
 Definition
LOOK THIS UP!!
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