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| Italian explorer; spent many years in China or near it; his return to Europe in 1295 sparked a European interest in finding a quicker route to Asia. |
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| Francisco Pizarro -- New World conqueror; Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532. |
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| Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow. |
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| Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river. |
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| Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries. |
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| An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. |
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| He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico. |
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| A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. |
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| was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi basin for France. |
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| French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France |
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| an Italian explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown. He is renowned as the first European since the Norse colonization of the Americas around AD 1000 to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay in 1524 |
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| Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland |
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| a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. |
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| Ferdinand and his wife, Isabella of Castille, underwrote the voyages of Christopher. |
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| Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. |
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| is an Aztec sky and creator god |
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| Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope |
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| a Native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century) |
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| Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. |
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| first European to sail across the Pacific Ocean and the first to discover a route by which ships could sail a complete circle around the world, Ferdinand Magellan was the Portuguese navigator for whom the Strait of Magellan is named. |
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| was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. |
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| After the Middle Ages there was a rebirth of culture in Europe where art and science were developed. It was during this time of enrichment that America was discovered. |
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| The Mestizos were the race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico. |
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| In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. |
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| The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of some Native American groups in North America: squash, maize, and climbing beans that are planted close together. |
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| The general term "ice age" or, more precisely, "glacial age" denotes a geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in an expansion of continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. |
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| geological shape of North America; 10 million years ago; held the northeast corner of North America in place; the first part of North America to come above sea level |
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| The mound builders of the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippian culture of the lower Midwest did sustain some large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting into their way of life during the first millennium AD. The Mississippian settlement at Cohokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Ill., was perhaps home to 40,000 people in about AD 1100. But mysteriously, around the year 1300, both the Mound Builder and the Mississippian cultures had fallen to decline. |
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| "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. |
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| The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were. |
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| Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes. |
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| The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521. |
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| The Pope's Rebellion was a revolt staged by the Pueblo Indians in 1680 against the Spaniards who were enslaving them to dig in mines for gold and silver. |
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| The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe. |
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| a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. .When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Confederacy was based in what is now the northeastern United States primarily in what is referred to today as Upstate New York. |
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| the art of making maps and charts |
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| Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States |
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| first viking settlement in North America, Vinland |
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| It is the oldest continuously occupied European and African-established city, and the oldest port, in the continental United States. |
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| A kiva is a room used by modern Puebloans for religious rituals, many of them associated with the kachina belief system. Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo peoples, kivas are square-walled and above-ground, and are used for spiritual ceremonies. |
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| Spice Islands most commonly refer to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes) and New Guinea in what is now Indonesia, and often specifically to the small volcanic Banda Islands, once the only source of mace and nutmeg. |
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| The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim) people of Berber and Arab descent from North Africa, some of whom came to inhabit the Iberian Peninsula. |
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| all the organisms in a community, together with the associated physical environmental factors (living and non-living) with which they interact. |
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| A section of land and an indigenous workforce entrusted to an individual by the crown during the early colonial era.(Spanish) |
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| Malinchista is a Mexican epithet to describe traitorous behavior.In Mexico, calling someone Malinchista, is to say they prefer and give priority to external interests before national ones. |
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| Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas |
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