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| the branch of biology that focuses on the inheritance of traits |
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| inheritance, or the transmission of traits from parents to offspring |
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| a species that is used for research because it is practical and because conclusions drawn from studying it turn out to apply to many other species as well |
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| small sacs that mature in the male reproductive structure of the plant |
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| a flowers pollen falls on the female reproductive organ of that same flower |
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| observable traits of an individual |
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| consists of individuals that produce offspring identical to themselves when they are self-pollinated or crossed to another member of the pure-line population |
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| offsprings from matings between true-breeding parents that differ in one or more traits |
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| the adults used in an initial experimental cross |
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| "first filial" the latin roots fili and filia mean son and daughter |
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| a mating between parents that each carry two different genetic determinants for the same trait |
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| a breeding experiment in which the mother's and father's phenotypes are the reverse of that examined in a previous breeding experiment |
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| the observation that genes from two parents do not blend together to form a new physical entity in offspring, but instead remain separate or particle like |
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| indicates the heredity determinant for a trait |
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| different version of the same gene |
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| alleles that are found in a particular individual |
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| used to explain the 3:1 ration of phenotypes in F2 individuals, Mendel reasoned that the two members of each gene pair must be sperated into different gamete cells during the formation of eggs and sperm in the parents. As a result, each gamete contains on allele of each gene |
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| two copies of the same allele |
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| two different alleles for the same gene |
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| refers to a set of hypotheses that explains how a particular trait is inherited |
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| mating between the individuals with with heterozygous traits |
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| alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another |
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| principle of independent assortment |
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| uses a parent that contributes only recessive alleles to it offspring, to help determine the unknown genotype of the second parents |
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| physical location of a gene |
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| the principle that genes are located on chromosomes and that patterns of inheritance are determined by the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis |
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| chromosome theory of inheritance |
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| the most common phenotype for each trait |
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| individuals with traits attributed to mutations |
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| inheritance patterns for genes located on the mammalian X- Chromosome |
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| inheritance patterns for genes located on the mammalian Y-Chromosome |
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| inheritance of genes on either sex chromosomes |
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| genes on non-sex chromosomes |
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| physical association among genes on the same chromosome |
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| possessing a new combination of alleles may refer to a single chromosome or DNA molecule, or to an entire organism |
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| a diagram showing the relative positions of genes along a particular chromosome |
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| heterozygotes have the phenotype associated with each individual allele |
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| existence of more than two alleles on the same gene |
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| when more than two distinct phenotypes are present in a population due to multiple allelism |
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| a gene that influences many traits, rather than just one trait |
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| a human syndrome involving increased height, long limbs and fingers, an abnormally shaped chest, and heart disorders. Probably caused by mutation in one pleotropic gene |
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| individuals that lack an enzyme that helps convert the amino acid phenylalnine to amino acid tyrosine |
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| characteristics that are equally different from each other (color) |
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| quantitative variation, meaning that individuals differ by degree (height) |
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| when each gene adds a small amount to the value of the phenotype |
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| family tree of affected individuals |
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| heterozygous individuals who carry a recessive allele for an inherited disease |
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| a degentitive brain disease of humans caused by autosomal dominant allele |
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| a human disease, caused by X-linked recessive allele, that is characters by defects in the blood clotting system |
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| characteristic of an individual, ranging from overall height to the primary structure of a particular membrane protein |
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