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| the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the New and Old world societies after 1492 |
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| A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Arctic Archipelago of northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska |
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| English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only “visible” Saints should be admitted to church membership |
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| short term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England’s early colonial ventures |
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| a citizen who is a representative in the “House of Burgesses” in colonial government |
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| A colony organized in the 17th century in territories granted by the English Crown to one or more proprietors who had full governing rights. |
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| a small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620 |
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| A member of a group of English Puritans fleeing religious persecution who sailed in the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620 |
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A person who holds controversial opinions, especially one who publicly dissents from the officially accepted dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| The belief that war and violence are unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means. |
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| it was the first governing document of the Plymouth Colony, created in 1620 by the colonists, known as “Pilgrims” |
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| A supporter of Charles I of England in his struggles against Parliament |
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A worker in a skilled trade, esp. one that involves making things by hand |
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| First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company, founded in 1607 |
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| First representative government group in the American colonies, created local laws but still under control of English Crown |
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| A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower |
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| members of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian sect founded in about 1650, whose central belief is the doctrine of the Inner Light. Quakers reject sacraments, ritual, and formal ministry, hold meetings at which any member may speak, and have promoted many causes for social reform |
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Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement |
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| Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century |
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| Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high |
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