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EUPHEMISM
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A MILD EXPRESSION USED IN PLACE OF A HARSH OR CRUDE EXPRESSION
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HAZY; VAGUE; NOT CLEARLY DEFINED
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HOPELESSLY LOW; WRETCHED; WITHOUT SELF-RESPECT
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ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR; CONFORMITY WITH CONVENTIONAL STANDARDS
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TO ATTACK WITH ABUSIVE LANGUAGE; TO CALL INSULTING NAMES
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DISTRAUGHT
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IN STATE OF MENTAL CONFLICT; CRAZED
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TO REPROVE MILDLY AND KINDLY, BUT SERIOUSLY; TO CAUTION OR WARN; TO URGE
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| MATTER-OF-FACT; ORDINARY; COMMONPLACE |
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PHLEGMATIC
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SLUGGISH; INDIFFERENT; CALM
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COMMENSURATE
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IN PROPER PROPORTION; HAVING THE SAME SCALE, MEASURE, OR SIZE; PROPORTIONATE
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An authority that controls what options are decided by a group. This is essential to avoid coalition raiding.
1. Manipulative agenda setter- may rig results.
2. Beneficent agenda setter- ensures a fair scheme, but rejects minimum winning coalition strategy; instead, creates a unanimous coalition. |
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| A political system in which there is no expectation that the government represent the people and the institutions of government do not give the people a direct voice in who will lead. |
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| an agency or office devoted to carrying out tasks for the government in a manner consistent with the law. |
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| any government employee who is not part of the ruling powers. |
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| the process of making collective decisions, usually by the government, to allocate public resources to create and enforce rules for society. |
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| the way a society organizes and manages its politics across various levels of public authority. |
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codified constraints on behavior. Can be branches of government (i.e. Congress, the President, and the Federal courts) or organizations (i.e. political parties, interest groups, and the electoral college) or rules/procedures (i.e. judicial review, separation of powers, and campaign finance laws).
*set the tone for policies passed and how benefits/costs are distributed to people.
*Addresses difficult collective problems among a diverse group of people with different interests.
*Can lead to great differences in apportionment of benefits and costs among people.
*are made to be broad and more stable rules that determine how policies or laws are made and enforced. (i.e. the Constitution)
*Can be designed by people who believe that that specific institution will help them achieve their policy goals. (i.e. the Great Compromise) |
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| a political system with multiple levels of government, in which each level has independent authority over some important policy areas. (i.e. state, city, county, and regional governments) |
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| a conflict between group goals and individual goals or self-interest. (i.e. traffic jam incident) Group goals are thwarted by individual self-interest and cannot be resolved without the presence of some authority or incentive to resolve issue. |
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| without a sovereign, a society would become a "war of all against all" and to maintain order there must be a stable sovereign. |
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| a benefit provided TO a group of people such that each member can enjoy it without necessarily having to pay for it, and such that one person's enjoyment of it does not inhibit the enjoyment of it by others. (i.e. transportation, defense, broadcasting) |
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a product or benefit provided such that its enjoyment can be limited to specific people. and one individual's consumption of it precludes other from consuming it. (i.e. movie tickets, meal, road usage)
Characteristics:
1. Rejectability -All private goods and services can be rejected by the final consumer should their tastes and preferences change.
2. Rivalry-one person's consumption of a product reduces the amount left for others to consume and benefit from - because scarce resources are used up in producing and supplying the good or service.
3. Excludability-Consumers of private goods can be excluded from consuming the product by the seller if they are not willing or able to pay for it. |
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| benefiting from a public good while avoiding the costs of contributing to it. (i.e. states dealing with the aftermath of the American Revolution under the Articles of Confederation) |
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| an interaction between two strategic actors in which neither actor has an incentive to cooperate even though both could be better off if the both cooperated. Interrupted by self-interest (i.e. arms race between business) |
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a situation in which two or more people are all better off if they coordinate on a course of action, but:
1. Fundamental disagreement over the best course of action to take due to the multiple possibilities.
2. Difficulty coordinating a single, cooperative action
(i.e. Political parties choosing candidates for election) |
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| minimum winning coalition |
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| the smallest size coalition necessary to achieve a goal; larger groups dilate benefits of winning. (i.e. five people for five spaces) |
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an instance in which three or more people must make a collective choice from a set of alt. but any voting coalition in favor of an alt. can be divided by consideration of another alt. (i.e. coalition raiding- difficult to maintain coalition in the face of competition due to leaders making better offers)
Solution: can be stabilized by external forces, such as an agenda setter. |
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(AKA delegation problem, NOT a collective dilemma because it is not a conflict of group goals and self-interest) an instance in which a principal contracts an agent to act on the principal's behalf, but neither the principal nor the agent share the same interests/preferences/knowledge, and the principal lacks the means to observe all of the agent's behavior. (i.e. mechanic and person paying mechanic or bureaucrats and the government)
Solution for gov. vs bureaucracies: Politicians consider ways of setting up institutions so that agents have incentives to do what the government wants them to do. (system of rewards and harsh punishments- i.e. bureaucratic agencies must adhere to strict rules for documenting admin. decisions). |
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| programs and decisions by the government that are enforced by the rule of the land. (i.e. sales taxes and SS benefits) |
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| the notion that earlier events or decisions deeply affect current and future policy decisions. This is caused by institutions, which have lasting effects due to their behaviors which turn into patterns that are self-enforcing (i.e. the Great Compromise of 1787) |
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| an authoritarian political system in which sovereign power is vested in one individual. (i.e. Fidel Castro of Cuba) |
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| a political system in which a ruler is chosen by virtue of being the heir of the previous ruler. (i.e. Saudi Arabia) |
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| power vested in a small segment of society (i.e. the Middle Eastern monarchies) |
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| one party controls the government and actively seeks to prevent other parties from contesting power. (i.e. China's Communist Party) |
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| ruled by the people; electives are chosen due to popular decision. (i.e. the US of A) |
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| (most democracies are republics) public officials are chosen to represent the people in an assembly, makes policy decisions. |
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a non-profit organization that monitors democratization of countries.
1. Political rights- degree to which a country's political process allows for open participation of citizens.
2. Civil liberties- to which degree a country's people are free to express their views and organize political parties. |
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| Harold Laswell's interpretation of political system |
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| The struggle over who gets what, when, and how. Highlight the fact that politics revolves around the people's wants and needs. |
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| "Micro" levels of government |
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| Deals with the social dilemmas arising in social factions that require a certain degree of authority. |
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| is a decision-maker and enforcer. It is needed for a stable society, according to Thomas Hobbes. |
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the government is essential for solving collective dilemmas in everyday life by establishing rules for decisions or by creating institutions (control over collective dilemmas and principal-agent problems), but there is a debate about the amount of government involvement in a person's economic, social, and personal lives.
Liberals vs. Socialists
Liberals- limited government involvement, should simply address collective social concerns such as roads and national defense.
Socialists- government should provide an extensive social safety net, such as free healthcare and childcare |
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| Collective-action problem |
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(AKA multiperson prisoner's dilemma) a situation in which people would be better off if they cooperated; however, any individual has an incentive not to cooperate as long as others are cooperating- free riding.
Solution: With effective enforcement, public goods can be produced with fair systems of payment or contribution by all those who enjoy them. (i.e. IRS and taxes; making labor unions and cooperations to hold up their agreement) |
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| formed to create a public good, but it requires solving basic collective-action problems. |
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| Types of Government Institutions |
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| the institutions of government are the foundation that shape the operation of overall political system. |
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| is unique due to its combination of federal and presidential structure; only 2 major parties. |
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