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Vocab Units 8-15
AP English 11
159
English
11th Grade
05/30/2011

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Term
allege
Definition
(v) to assert without proof or confirmation
syn: claim, contend
ant: prove, deny
Term
arrant
Definition
(adj) thoroughgoing, out-and-out; shameless, blatant
syn: egregious, unmitigated
Term
badinage
Definition
(n) light and playful conversation
syn: banter, persiflage, repartee
ant: sermon
Term
conciliate
Definition
(v) to overcome the distrust of, win over; to appease, pacify; to reconcile, make consistent
syn: placate, mollify, propitiate
ant: antagonize, alienate, estrange
Term
countermand
Definition
(v) to cancel or reverse one order or command with another that is contrary to the first
syn: recall, revoke
ant: reaffirm, reassert
Term
echelon
Definition
(n) one of a series of grades in an organization or field of activity; an organized military unit; a step-like formation or arrangement
syn: level, rank
Term
exacerbate
Definition
(v) to make more violent, severe, bitter, or painful
syn: aggravate, intensify, worsen
ant: alleviate, mitigate, ameliorate
Term
fatuous
Definition
(adj) stupid or foolish in a self-satisfied way
syn: silly, vapid, inane, doltish, vacuous
ant: sensible, intelligent, perceptive, bright
Term
irrefutable
Definition
(adj) impossible to disprove; beyond argument
syn: indisputable, incontrovertible, undeniable
ant: disputable, indefensible, untenable
Term
juggernaut
Definition
(n) a massive and inescapable force or object that crushes whatever is in its path
Term
lackadaisical
Definition
(adj) lacking spirit or interest, halfhearted
syn: listless, indolent, indifferent, lax
ant: energetic, vigorous, wholehearted
Term
litany
Definition
(n) a prayer consisting of short appeals to God recited by the leader alternating with responses form the congregation; any repetitive chant; a long list
syn: rigmarole, catalog, megillah
Term
macabre
Definition
(adj) grisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject
syn: grotesque, grim, ghoulish
Term
paucity
Definition
(n) an inadequate quality, scarcity, dearth
syn: lack
ant: abundance, glut, plenitude, deluge
Term
portend
Definition
(v) to indicate beforehand that something is about to happen; to give advance warning of
syn: bode, foretell, foreshadow, suggest
Term
raze
Definition
(v) to tear down, destroy completely; to cut or scrape off or out
syn: pull down, demolish, shave off
ant: build, construct, raise, erect
Term
recant
Definition
(v) to withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract
syn: repudiate, disavow
ant: reaffirm, reassert
Term
saturate
Definition
(v) to soak thoroughly, fill to capacity; to satisfy fully
syn: permeate, drench, flood, imbue
ant: drain
Term
saturnine
Definition
(adj) of a gloomy or surly disposition; cold or sluggish in mood
syn: sullen, morose
ant: lighthearted, cheerful, vivacious
Term
slough
Definition
(v) to cast off, discard; to get rid of something objectionable or unnecessary; to plod through as if through mud
(n) a mire; a state of depression
syn: shed, slog
ant: take on, acquire, assume
Term
acclamation
Definition
(n) a shout of welcome; an overwhelming verbal vote of approval
syn: ovation, cheering, plaudits
ant: booing, hissing, jeers, catcalls
Term
bucolic
Definition
(adj) characterized of the countryside, rural; relating to shepherds and cowherds, pastoral
syn: rustic
ant: urban, metropolitan
Term
calumniate
Definition
(v) to slander; to accuse falsely and maliciously
syn: defame, libel
ant: flatter, whitewash, praise
Term
chary
Definition
(adj) extremely cautious, hesitant, or slow; reserved, diffident
syn: wary, skittish
ant: heedless, reckless, incautious
Term
collusion
Definition
(n) secret agreement or cooperation
syn: conspiracy, plot, connivance, cahoots
Term
dilettante
Definition
(n) a dabbler in the arts; one who engages in an activity in an amateurish, trifling way
(adj) superficial
syn: amateur, trifler
ant: professional
Term
imperturbable
Definition
(adj) not easily excited; emotionally steady
syn: unflappable, unexcitable, serene, unruffled
ant: excitable
Term
increment
Definition
(n) an enlargement, increase, addition
syn: accretion, gain
ant: loss, reduction, decrease
Term
mandate
Definition
(n) an authoritative command, formal order, authorization
(v) to issue such an order
syn: directive
ant: forbid, ban , outlaw
Term
paltry
Definition
(adj) trifling, insignificant; mean, despicable; inferior, trashy
syn: measly, meager piddling, trivial
ant: gigantic, immense, colossal
Term
paroxysm
Definition
(n) a sudden outburst; a spasm, convulsion
syn: fit, seizure
Term
pedantry
Definition
(n) a pretentious display of knowledge; overly rigid attention to rules and details
syn: nit-picking, hairsplitting, pettifoggery
Term
peregrination
Definition
(n) the act of traveling; an excursion, especially on foot or to a foreign country
syn: journey, wandering, odyssey
Term
redolent
Definition
(adj) fragrant, smelling strongly; tending to arouse memories or create an aura
syn: evocative, reminiscent, aromatic
ant: unevocative, odorless
Term
shibboleth
Definition
(n) a word, expression, or custom that distinguishes a particular group of persons from all others; a commonplace saying or truism
syn: catchphrase, password, slogan
Term
tyro
Definition
(n) a beginner, novice; one with little or no background or skill
syn: neophyte
ant: veteran, past master, expert
Term
unremitting
Definition
(adj) not stopping, maintained steadily, never letting up, relentless
syn: constant, incessant, unrelenting
ant: desultory, intermittent
Term
vacillate
Definition
(v) to swing indecisively from one idea or course of action to another; to waver weakly in mind or will
syn: seesaw, fluctuate, oscillate
ant: persevere
Term
vituperative
Definition
(adj) harshly abusive, severely scolding
syn: abusive, scurrilous, insulting
any: complimentary, laudatory, flattering
Term
askance
Definition
(adv) with suspicion, distrust, or disapproval
syn: distrustfully, suspiciously, skeptically
Term
attenuate
Definition
(v) to make this or slender; to weaken or lessen in force, intensity, or value
syn: thin out, dilute, water down
ant: thicken, strengthen, bolster
Term
benign
Definition
(adj)gentle, kind; forgiving, understanding; having a favorable or beneficial effect; not malignant
syn: benevolent, salutary, salubrious, harmless
ant: malevolent, deleterious
Term
cavil
Definition
(v) to find fault in a petty way, carp
(n) a trivial objection or criticism
syn: nitpick, quibble
Term
charlatan
Definition
(n) one who feigns knowledge or ability; a pretender, impostor, or quack
syn: fraud, mountebank
Term
decimate
Definition
(v) to kill or destroy a large part of
syn: ravage, devastate
Term
foible
Definition
(n) a weak point, failing, minor flaw
syn: shortcoming, defect, quirk
ant: forte, virtue
Term
forgo
Definition
(v) to do without, abstain from, give up
syn: refrain from, renounce
ant: indulge in, partake of
Term
inure
Definition
(v) to toughen, harden; to render used to something by long subjection or exposure
syn: accustom, acclimate
Term
luminous
Definition
(adj) emitting or reflecting light, glowing; illuminating
syn: radiant, bright, refulgent, lustrous
ant: dark, opaque, dim, murky
Term
obsequious
Definition
(adj) marked by slavish attentiveness; excessively submissive, often for purely self-interested reasons
syn: fawning, servile, sycophantic, mealymouthed
ant: assertive, bumptious, overbearing, candid, frank, independent
Term
obtuse
Definition
(adj) blunt, not coming to a point; slow or dull in understanding; measuring between 90 degrees and 180 degrees; not causing a sharp impression
syn: stupid, dumb, thick, mild, dull-witted
ant: acute, perceptive, quick-witted
Term
oscillate
Definition
(v) to swing back and forth with steady rhythm; to fluctuate or waver
syn: vibrate, vacillate
Term
penitent
Definition
(adj) regretful for one's sins or mistakes
(n) one who is sorry for wrongdoing
syn: remorseful, regretful, rueful, sorry
ant:unrepentant, remorseless
Term
peremptory
Definition
(adj) having the nature of a command that leaves no opportunity for debate, denial, or refusal; offensively self-assured, dictatorial; determined, resolute
syn: high-handed, unconditional
ant: irresolute, tentative, mild, unassuming
Term
rebuff
Definition
(v) to snub, to repel, drive away
(n) a curt rejecting, a check
syn: spurn, repulse, reject, setback
ant: accept, welcome
Term
reconnoiter
Definition
(v) to engage in reconnaissance; to make a preliminary inspection
syn: scout
Term
shambles
Definition
(n) a slaughterhouse; a place of mass bloodshed; a state of complete disorder and confusion, mess
Term
sporadic
Definition
(adj) occurring at irregular intervals, having no set plan or order
syn: intermittent, spasmodic
ant: constant, steady, continuous, uninterrupted
Term
abrogate
Definition
(v) to repeal, cancel, declare null and void
syn: annul, revoke
ant: reaffirm, renew, ratify
Term
ambient
Definition
(adj) completely surrounding, encompassing
Term
asperity
Definition
(n) roughness, severity; bitterness or tartness
syn: rigor, harshness
ant: mildness, blandness, softness, lenience
Term
burnish
Definition
(v) to make smooth or glossy by rubbing, polish
(n) gloss, brightness, luster
syn: shine, buff
ant: tarnish, dull, abrade
Term
cabal
Definition
(n) a small group working in secret
syn: clique, ring, gang, plot, conspiracy
Term
delectable
Definition
(adj) delightful, highly enjoyable; deliciously flavored, savory
(n) an appealing or appetizing food or dish
syn: delicious, scrumptious
ant: repugnant, repulsive, distasteful
Term
deprecate
Definition
(v) to express mild disapproval; to belittle
syn: deplore, frown upon
ant: smile on, countenance, approve
Term
detritus
Definition
(n) loose bits and pieces of material resulting from disintegration or wearing away; fragments that result from any destruction
syn: debris, wreckage, ruins, rubble
Term
ebullient
Definition
(adj) overflowing with enthusiasm and excitement; boiling, bubbling
syn: exhilarated, elated, exuberant
ant: gloomy, morose, sullen, apathetic, blase
Term
eclectic
Definition
(adj) drawn from different sources
(n) one whose beliefs are drawn from various sources
syn: selective, synthetic, pick-and-choose
ant: uniform, monolithic
Term
flaccid
Definition
(adj) limp, not firm; lacking vigor or effectiveness
syn: soft, flabby
ant: hard, firm, solid
Term
impecunious
Definition
(adj) having little or no money
syn: penniless, impoverished, indigent
ant: affluent, wealthy, prosperous, rich
Term
inexorable
Definition
(adj) inflexible, beyond influence; relentless, unyielding
syn: inescapable, ineluctable, obdurate
ant: avoidable, yielding, pliant
Term
moribund
Definition
(adj) dying, on the way out
syn: obsolescent
ant: flourishing, thriving
Term
necromancer
Definition
(n) one who claims to reveal or influence the future through magic, especially communicating with the dead; in general, a magician or wizard
syn: sorcerer, conjurer
Term
onerous
Definition
(adj) burdensome; involving hardship or difficulty
syn: oppressive, weighty
ant: light, easy, undemanding, untaxing
Term
rife
Definition
(adj) common, prevalent, widespread, happening often; full, abounding; plentiful, abundant, replete
ant: devoid of, lacking
Term
rudiments
Definition
(n) the parts of any subject or discipline that are learned first; the earliest stages of anything
syn: fundamentals, basics
Term
sequester
Definition
(v) to set apart, separate for a special purpose; to take possession of an hold in custody
syn: seclude, segregate, isolate, closet
Term
winnow
Definition
(v) to get rid of something unwanted, delete; to sift through to obtain what is desirable; to remove the chaff from the wheat by blowing air on it; to blow on, fan
syn: sift, strain, filter, sort
Term
aesthetic
Definition
(adj) pertaining to beauty; sensitive or responsive to beauty
syn: artistic
Term
defunct
Definition
(adj) no longer in existence or functioning, dead
syn: extinct, nonexistent
ant: alive, extant
Term
discomfit
Definition
(v) to frustrate, thwart, or defeat; to confuse, perplex, or embarrass
syn: nonplus, disconcert, foil
Term
espouse
Definition
(v) to take up support; to become attached to, adopt; to marry
syn: embrace, ward
ant: repudiate, disavow, renounce
Term
fetish
Definition
(n) an object believed to have magical powers; an object of unreasoning devotion or reverence
syn: charm, talisman, obsession
Term
gregarious
Definition
(adj) living together in a herd or group; sociable, seeking the company of others
syn: outgoing, extroverted
ant: aloof, introverted, reclusive
Term
hapless
Definition
(adj) marked by a persistent absence of good luck
syn: unlucky, ill-starred, unfortunate
ant: lucky, charmed, fortunate
Term
impeccable
Definition
(adj) faultless, beyond criticism or blame
syn: flawless, spotless, immaculate
ant: grimy, soiled, spotted, sullied
Term
importune
Definition
(v) to trouble with demands; to beg for insistently
syn: implore, entreat, dun, tax
Term
interpolate
Definition
(v) to insert between other parts or things; to present as a n addition or correction
syn: inject, interpose, introduce
Term
irreparable
Definition
(adj) incapable of being repaired or rectified
syn: irremediable
ant: remediable, fixable, reversible
Term
laconic
Definition
(adj) concise, using few words
syn: terse, succinct, pithy, compact
ant: garrulous, prolix, loquacious, verbose
Term
languish
Definition
(v) to become weak, feeble, or dull; to droop; to be depressed or dispirited; to suffer neglect
syn: flag, wilt, fade, pine
Term
mendacious
Definition
(adj) given to lying or deception; untrue
syn: untruthful, false
ant: truthful, veracious
Term
nadir
Definition
(n) the lowest point
syn: rock bottom
ant: apex, pinnacle, zenith
Term
omnipresent
Definition
(adj) present in all places at all times
syn: ubiquitous, ever-present
Term
perfunctory
Definition
(adj) done in a superficial or halfhearted manner; without interest or enthusiasm
syn: slapdash, cursory, shallow
ant: thorough, assiduous, diligent, meticulous
Term
plaintive
Definition
(adj) expressive of sorrow or woe, melancholy
syn: sad, doleful, lugubrious
ant: cheerful, blithe, joyous, merry
Term
requite
Definition
(v) to make suitable repayment, as for a kindness, service, or favor; to make retaliation, as for an injury or wrong; to reciprocate
syn: reimburse, recompense, avenge
Term
tantamount
Definition
(adj) equivalent, having the same meaning, value, or effect
syn: indistinguishable from
Term
abstruse
Definition
(adj) extremely difficult to understand
syn: esoteric, arcane, recondite, occult
ant: simple, straightforward
Term
affront
Definition
(n) an open or intentional insult;l a slight
(v) to insult to one's face; to face in defiance, confront
syn: offense, offend
ant: compliment, praise
Term
canard
Definition
(n) a false rumor, fabricated story
syn: hoax
Term
captious
Definition
(adj) excessively ready to find fault; given to petty criticism; intended to trap, confuse, or show up
syn: faultfinding, nit-picking, carping
ant: uncritical
Term
cognizant
Definition
(adj) aware, knowledgeable, informed; having jurisdiction
syn: conscious, acquainted
ant: unaware, unconscious, oblivious
Term
contrite
Definition
(adj) regretful for some misdeed or sin; plagued by a sense of guilt; thoroughly penitent
syn: remorseful, rueful
ant: unrepentant, unapologetic, impenitent
Term
cynosure
Definition
(n) the center of attraction, attention, or interest; something that serves to guide or direct
syn: focus
Term
decorous
Definition
(adj) well behaved, dignified, socially proper
syn: seemly, becoming, tasteful
ant: unseemly, unbecoming, improper, tasteless
Term
deign
Definition
(v) to think it appropriate or suitable to one's dignity to do something; to condescend
syn: deem, stoop
Term
desiccated
Definition
(adj) thoroughly dried out; divested of spirit or vitality; arid and uninteresting
syn: dehydrated, shriveled, parched
ant: sodden, soggy, waterlogged, drenched
Term
efficacy
Definition
(n) the power to produce a desired result
syn: effectiveness, potency, reliability
ant: ineffectiveness, impotence
Term
engender
Definition
(v) to bring into existence, give rise to, produce; to come into existence, assume form
syn: beget, generate, cause, form
ant: stop, deter
Term
ethereal
Definition
(adj) light, airy, delicate; highly refined; suggesting what is heavenly (rather than earthbound)
syn: heavenly, celestial, gossamer
ant: infernal, hellish, thick, heavy
Term
facade
Definition
(n) the front or face of a building; a surface appearance (as opposed to what may lie behind)
syn: exterior, surface, mask, pretense
ant: interior
Term
ghoulish
Definition
(adj) revolting in an unnatural or morbid way; suggestive of someone who robs graves or otherwise preys on the dead
syn: fiendish, barbarous, monstrous
Term
incongruous
Definition
(adj) not in keeping, unsuitable, incompatible
syn: discordant, jarring
ant: compatible, harmonious, consistent
Term
machination
Definition
(n) a crafty, scheming, or underhanded action designed to accomplish some (usually evil) end
syn: plot, scheme, maneuver
Term
mesmerize
Definition
(v) to hypnotize, entrance; to fascinate, enthrall, bewitch
Term
opprobrium
Definition
(n) disgrace arising from shameful conduct; contempt, reproach
syn: infamy, dishonor, odium, shame
ant: acclaim, honor, glory, renown
Term
putative
Definition
(adj) generally regarded as such; reputed; hypothesized, inferred
syn: supposed, presumed
ant: known, corroborated, confirmed
Term
beatific
Definition
(adj0 blissful; rendering or making blessed
syn: rapturous, ecstatic, transcendent
ant: disconsolate, dejected, doleful
Term
behemoth
Definition
(n) a creature of enormous size, power, or appearance
syn: mammoth, whale, elephant, colossus
ant: dwarf, pygmy, midget
Term
blandishment
Definition
(n) anything designed to flatter or coax; sweet talk, apple-polishing
syn: allurement, enticement, cajolery
ant: threat, intimidation
Term
cacophonous
Definition
(adj) harsh-sounding, raucous, discordant, dissonant
ant: harmonious, melodious, mellifluous
Term
chicanery
Definition
(n) trickery, deceptive practices or tactics, double-dealing
ant: fair dealing
Term
consign
Definition
(v) to give over to another's care, charge, or control; to entrust, deliver; to set apart for a special use
syn: transfer, remit, convey
Term
coup
Definition
(n) a highly successful stroke, masterstroke, tour de force, act, plan, or stratagem; a sudden takeover of power or leadership
ant: blunder, faux pas, gaffe
Term
euphemism
Definition
(n) a mild or inoffensive expression used in place of a harsh or unpleasant one; a substitute
Term
febrile
Definition
(adj) feverish; pertaining to or marked by fever; frenetic
any: leisurely, relaxed
Term
gainsay
Definition
(v) to deny, contradict, controvert; to dispute, oppose
ant: confirm, corroborate, support, admit
Term
imminent
Definition
(adj) about to happen, threatening
syn: impending, looming
ant: distant, remote, faraway
Term
innate
Definition
(adj) natural, inborn, inherent; built-in
syn: intrinsic, congenital
ant: learned, acquired, extrinsic, accidental
Term
loath
Definition
(adj) unwilling, reluctant, disinclined
syn: averse, indisposed
ant: willing, eager, inclined
Term
manifest
Definition
adj) clear, evident to the eyes or mind
(v) to show plainly, exhibit, evince
(n) a list of cargo and/or passengers
syn: apparent, reveal, disclose
ant: unrevealed, hidden, hide, conceal
Term
minutiae
Definition
(n) small or trivial details, trifling matters
syn: trivia, trifles
ant: essentials
Term
moratorium
Definition
(n) a suspension of activity; an official waiting period; an authorized period of delay
syn: postponement, stoppage
ant: acceleration, escalation
Term
nostrum
Definition
(n) an alleged cure-all; a remedy or scheme or questionable effectiveness
syn: panacea, elixir
Term
pariah
Definition
(n) one who is rejected by a social group or organization
syn: outcast, untouchable, persona non grata
Term
visionary
Definition
(adj) not practical, lacking in realism; having the nature of a fantasy or dream
(n) one given to far-fetched ideas; a dreamer or seer characterized by vision or foresight
syn: utopian, idealistic, impractical
ant: realistic, practical
Term
wizened
Definition
(adj) dry, shrunken, and wrinkled (often as the result of aging)
syn: withered, shriveled
ant: bloated, distended
Term
amenity
Definition
(n) that which is pleasant or agreeable; attractive features, customs, etc
ant: unpleasantness, disagreeableness
Term
aperture
Definition
(n) an opening, gap, hole; orifice
ant: closure, blockage, occlusion
Term
dissidence
Definition
(n) a difference of opinion; discontent
syn: disagreement, dissent, disaffection
ant: agreement, harmony, concord
Term
epicurean
Definition
(adj) devoted to the pursuit of pleasure; fond of good food, comfort, and ease; with discriminating tastes
(n) a person with discriminating tastes
syn: hedonistic, sybaritic, discriminating
ant: ascetic, self-denying, abstemious
Term
improvident
Definition
(adj) not thrifty; failing to plan ahead
syn: prodigal, spendthrift, extravagant
ant: thrifty, frugal, economical, cautious
Term
iniquity
Definition
(n) wickedness, sin; a grossly immoral act
syn: evil, crime
ant: probity, rectitude, uprightness
Term
inviolable
Definition
(adj) sacred; of such a character that it must not be broken, injured, or profaned
syn: sacrosanct, unassailable
ant: vulnerable, assailable
Term
mutable
Definition
(adj) open to or capable of change, fickle
syn: changeable, variable
ant: changeless, steadfast, constant
Term
nascent
Definition
(adj) just beginning to exist or develop; having just come into existence
syn: budding, incipient, embryonic
ant: dying, moribund, senescent
Term
obeisance
Definition
(n) a deep bow or other body movement indicating respect or submission; deference, homage
syn: respect, honor
ant: disrespect, irreverence, disregard
Term
panegyric
Definition
(n) formal or elaborate praise; a tribute
syn: encomium, testimonial
ant: diatribe, tirade, philippic
Term
pillory
Definition
(n) a device for publicly punishing offenders; a means for exposing one to public contempt or ridicule
(v) to expose to public contempt or ridicule
ant: praise, extol, laud, acclaim
Term
pittance
Definition
(n) a woefully meager allowance, wage or portion
syn: modicum, trifle
ant: fortune
Term
presage
Definition
(v) to foreshadow or point to a future event; to predict
(n) a warning or indication of the future
syn: augur, portend, foretell
Term
progeny
Definition
(n) descendants, offspring, children, followers, disciples
syn: issue, posterity
ant: ancestors, forebears, antecedents
Term
promulgate
Definition
(v) to proclaim or issue officially; to make known far and wide
syn: announce
ant: withdraw, retract, abrogate, nullify
Term
rectitude
Definition
(n) uprightness, righteousness; correctness
syn: probity, integrity
ant: iniquity, heinousness
Term
restive
Definition
(adj) restless, hard to manage, balky
syn: uneasy, fidgety, recalcitrant
ant: serene, unruffled, docile
Term
seraphic
Definition
(adj) angelic, heavenly, celestial
syn: cherubic
ant: devilish, impish
Term
subsist
Definition
(v) to have existence; to remain alive, manage to make living or maintain life; to persist or continue
syn: last, survive, sustain
Term
refulgent
Definition
(adj) shining, radiant, resplendent
syn: luminous, splendid
ant: dim, dark, obscure, dingy, dull, murky
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