an attack on the opposing speaker or another person rather than on the opponent’s ideas or the issues at hand; “to the man.”

reading to experience the world of the text.

a work that functions on a symbolic level; a form of extended metaphor in which characters and actions have meaning, often moral or philosophical, that lies outside the narrative; an extended metaphor of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words.

an indirect reference to something, usually a literary text or history, with which the reader is supposed to be familiar; often used with humorous intent, to establish a connection between reader and writer, to make a subtle point, or to capture the essence of something.

breaking down a subject and subjecting its components to detailed scrutiny.

deliberate repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row to make the writer’s point more coherent.

a brief recounting of a relevant episode, often to develop a point or inject humor; a brief narrative to capture the audience’s attention, to support a generalization of claims, to illuminate characters, and to present abstract ideas in concrete forms.

the protagonist of a literary work who is not admirable and does not embody the traditional qualities of a hero, like honor, bravery, kindness, and intelligence.

a concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief, like “Early to bed and early to rise/Make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”

the reference to words, actions, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalization, or conclusion; claims to be an expert or relies on information provided by experts; ethos.

the author’s attempt to influence readers by means of logic, argument, and evidence; logos.

a writer’s attempt to influence readers by choosing words and expressions that create a certain tone or make what the writer says vivid and memorable.

a noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning, like “My friend, Melissa, is here.”

related to choice of words, or diction.

a theme, motif, symbol, or stock character that holds a familiar place in a culture’s consciousness.

the thesis or proposition that write puts forward in an argument.

lack of connective words when expected; omission of conjunctions between related words, phrases, or clauses.

the emotional feeling or mood of a place, scene, or event.

the nonfictional story of a person’s life, told by that person.

a situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work; construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and importance.

a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.

one of the types of exposition; arranges and sorts people, places, or things into categories according to differing characteristics, thus making them more manageable for the writer and more understandable for the reader.

an expression that has become ineffective through overuse; normally avoided for fresh and forceful language.

focuses on the similarities between two or  more things.

a direct opposition between things compared; inconsistency.

contrast

actively engaging with a text.