Compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years.

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri.

- Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act. 

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society.

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with “hard” or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West. 

Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States. 

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Maria Monk’s sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic spheres. 

New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River.

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations-turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads- that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy. 

Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge

Unitarians

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her “Declaration of Sentiments,” stating that “all men and women are created equal. 

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. 

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated “free-love,” birth control, and eugenics. 

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Variety shows performed by white actors in black-faces. 

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses and “inner light” that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God. 

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions