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| The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems |
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| Any observable response or activity by an organism |
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| A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior |
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| A psychological viewpoint that examines how our genes, hormones, and nervous systems interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, coping techniques and other traits. |
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| the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. |
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| The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
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| the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome |
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| the widely shared customs, beliefs, values , norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations. |
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| the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation |
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| the tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways. |
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| theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations |
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| a school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of conciousness, rather than its structure. |
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| a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth |
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| careful, systematic observation of one's own concious experience. |
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| Principles stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus, come to be selected over time. |
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| A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems |
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| The theory developed by Freud fact that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior |
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| The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it and a profession that applies accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems |
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| The study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite and review |
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| any detectable input from the environment |
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| The school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related |
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| a system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations |
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| According to Frued thoughts, memories and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior |
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| personal stories about specific incidents and experiences |
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| an in-depth investigation of an individual subject |
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| The condition that exist whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects |
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| subjects in a study who do not recieve the special treatment given to the experimental group |
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| a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables |
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| Data collection techniques |
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| procedures for making empirical observations and measurements |
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| in an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable |
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| statistics that are used to organize and summarize data. |
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| The condition that exist whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects |
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| A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in the second variable as a result |
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| the subjects in a study who recieve some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
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| A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained |
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| Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study |
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| a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
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| In an experiment, a condition or an event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable |
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| statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions |
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| A descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects |
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| a definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable |
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| the fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they recieve an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment |
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| The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about |
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| The constitution of groups in a study such that all subject have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition |
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| The repetition of the study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated |
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| Different approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies |
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| A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions |
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| The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study |
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| A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which is drawn |
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| a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimum |
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| A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself |
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| An index of the amount of variability in a set of data |
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| The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low |
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| The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data |
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| The persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study |
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| A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects’ behavior |
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| The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean |
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| Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed from the mean |
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