Lamb

Ram lamb

Ewe lamb

Sheep neonate

Male

Female

• Size depends on tameness of animal
• Wool dictates their ability to see
• Larger if approached head-on
• Smaller if approached from the side or behind
• If animal is facing you, you are outside the flight zone

• Perpendicular to their shoulder
• If you stand there, they will turn away from you
• To move animal back, stand in front
• Alternating pressure is most effective

• "Setting them up" position or tipping
• Chutes
• Crowd pen (a pen that narrows into a single file chute)
• Squeeze chute/head gate

Temp: 102.0-104.0

Heart Rate: 70-90 beats/min

Respiratory Rate: 12-15 breaths/min

prevent disease

prevent lameness

show purposes (looks pretty)

Bendesio trimmers

pruning sheers

1. Set up (for restraint)
2. Cut toe off
3. even out sole, heel, and hoof wall
4. ideally we want them flat/level/even

Hoof nippers (to cut)

grinder/sander (to level them out)

• Tilt table/tilt chute (on hydraulics)
• hoof trimming chute (hoof sits in a little cup)

• Prevent lameness
• prevent disease
• improper trimming can cause disease/conditions

• Shoe puller - pull shoes
• hoof pick
• pasp
• hoof nippers
• hammer
• hoof knife
• nail clincher

• With a needle - do NOT force, wait for mouce to swallow and insert needle until hub
• With soft tube  - measure from nose to last rib and mark tube, insert, inject slowly (mice/rats cannot vomit); pinch when you take out to prevent aspiration

Guinea pig restraint

Blood collection

• ALWAYS 2 hands (around thorax and butt)
• guinea pig burrito/towel restraint

• Dorsal pedal vein

• scruff ALL extra skin (can use gauze if they bite)
  
• put in jar so they don't bite
• 2 handed cup restraint
• make sure to examine cheek pouches ;-)

• Lift by base of tail, support for trip
• plastic cone
• make sure they can breathe when scruffed

• lift by base of tail and let them relax on your arm
• support the back
• restrain with plastic cone (watch for hyperthermia), sweater, towel (rat burrito)

Sub Q - come from back

Blood collection: tail vein

• SQ: between shoulder blades
• ear vein - give tranquilizer, lateral marginal ear vein, pluck hair, apply lidocane gel (wait 10 min), insert catheter, give meds (slowly b/c vein could collapse); apply direct pressure after catheter is removed

Secure the rear - prevent from kicking

Scruff while holding back legs

• Sidenote: testes are cranial to penis
  

castrated male

typically castrated at ~18 months - usually at spring of a year old if both testicles are descended

Baby of either sex

still nursing on mom

once weaned off mom

either sex

horse thats a year old

either sex

• Flight instinct (prey animal) - spook
• detecting danger - vision, smell, hearing
• Watch the ears! (and the legs :-P)

• Voice
• halter/lead
• skin twitch
• ear twitch
• imbalance principle
• lead shank (over nose, looped through, under chin, scross gums, through mouth)
• twitch (humane vs chain)
• stocks
  

1. restrain mare

2. capture foal, keeping foal between you and mom

3. possible chemical restraint on mare (ex: if going to Sx or getting an IV cath)

boars

boar piglets

intact male (any age)

baby pigs

go from piglets to weanlings, then referred to as guilts or barrows/boars

Very intelligent

clean

VERY social (gregarious) - isolating creates stress

curious

vocal

acute hearing and smell

"rooting" behavior

almost NO herding behavior

squeling

excessive grunting

barking

approach from any angle EXCEPT directly behind them

when they start to approach you, scratch between ears/back and talk to them

expect to be pushed/shoved/rooted

don't rush them, they explore as they move

use positive reinforcement

use chaser boards/pokey canes/sticks

Small pigs: hand held by hind legs, support chest with knee

Mature pigs - squeeze behind doors/gate; place in crate

Snare

Nose rings - prevent from rooting

Jugular - restrain w/ snare - for adults standing - direct needle perpendicular to skin - pigs <100lbs restrained on backs

Marginal ear vein - any size pig, veins dilated in warm envt

Cephalic vein - for newborns/weanlings (<30lbs) - restrain on back

PE

Strip cup

Unnoticed unless tests are performed

tremendious loss of milk production

increased SCC

Clinical mastitis test

visual milk exam for gross abnormalities (blood, flakes, clots, wateriness)

Benifits: stimulates milk letdown, removal of foremilk (\/ bacteria)

California Mastitis Test

Cowside or herd analysis

Rapid results

How it works: reagent reacts with SCC and milk thickens or gels

Negative (0)- purple milk

Trace - slight slime, dissipears with continued rotation

Weak positive (1)- distinct slime, no gel formation

Distinct positive (2)- immediate gel formation, moves toward center when swirled (moves as a mass)

Strong positive (3)- gel develops a convex surface, adheres to bottom of cup

• Pulled from milking line 2 months prior to parturition
• antibiotic (intermammary infusion)
• teat sealent

• Advantages: fairly accurate, sensitive, contamination doesn't matter, inexpensive, simple, cheep, easy clean-up, temp changes have little effect on the CMT
• Disadvantages: scoring is subjective, scores represent a range (not actual count), false posities (fresh <10 days, nearly dry, and cows far from the middle of their lactation), false negatives if acute clinical mastitis (toxins break SCC down)
  

• Strip teat (b/c we want bacteria in udder, not just teat), collect milk in sterile milk culture tube, label tube, submit for sensitivity test

• ALWAYS teat dip!!!
  

Female bovine, sexually mature (probably has been bred and had the first calf)

Typically 2.5 years old

Bull

Bull Calf

intact male, any age

Young

Female bovine that has not had it's first calf (typically calf at 2.5 years)

Typically bred ~18 months

Gestation = 11 months

A heifer/cow beginning parturition

The act of giving birth

Approaching: familiar person - stand, flee, or aggression; unfamiliar person - flee or aggressive

Strong herding instinct

Anxious/apprehensive attitude (moving nervously, swishing tail, low repetitive moo)

Inquisitive

steady gaze

return to previous activity (ignoring you)

Lariat

halter

chutes/headgates

• Use on Docile cattle in pen (to apply halter)
• Use on nervous/aggressive in pen (if they cannot be approached/haltered and you fear personal safety)
• Use: toss loop over head/neck, pull tight, wrap around sturdy post twice, pull/haze animal toward you, shorten tope
  

• ONLY use when within arm's reach of docile animal or if animal's movements are already constrained (NOT when nervous/anxious/(potentially) aggressive)
• Use to restrain head/neck or to move animal (but must halter broke)
• Pull over ears first
  

• Should be curved, solid sides, well litas tall or taller than animals
• Prepare before sending animals through (observe for obsticles/escapes)

Animal is hazed/led/pulled until head is completely through device then device is closed, preventing withdrawl of the head

Constrains forward/backward movement

Proper use = maximum safety for animal and handler(s)

*create an illusion of an escape route*

Nose tongs - used when animal will not stand still for a short procedure on the head/neck - pressure on nasal septum

Flank clamp - prevents kicking (typically on young cows)

Tail jack

*assess behavior*

When: if pen is not too large, walls do not extend from floor to ceiling

How: stand outside on catwalk adjacent to wall; use lariat

Why: concerned for safety (aggressive), you are alone (no one to help)

When: safety is NOT in jeperdy, you're familiar w/ animal, you have to haze a potentially aggressive animal into a chute/headgate system, to examine/treat a calf/dam pair

How: VOICE, observe animal's reaction

- Catching: restrain mom, let owner catch calf by crowding into corner, halter if older than 4 wks, cradle if <4 wks

- Nursing Calf: seeks protection from mom/herd (risk of being trampled)

- Non-handled calves: will be very nervous, possibly aggressive (not usually aggressive if under 6 months)

• Pain associated with musculoskeletal system
• Causes: poor performance & economic loss
• Front limb lameness more common than hind limb (65% of weight is in front)

- Original complaint or pre-purchase exam

- History (location, signalment, onset, duration, at home treatment, etc)

- Visual - rest and in motion, under saddle

- Grade lameness 0-1

- PE of limb

-hoof testers - pain could mean laminitis/founder or abscess

-flexion test

-nerve blocks - regional - performed AFTER nerve blocks only if lameness persists - should clip AND prep

-joint blocks

-synovial fluid analysis

-radiographs - for bone abnormalities

-ultrasound - for soft tissue injuries

-CT - bone abnormalities

-MRI - soft tissue; must be under general anesthesia

-Bone scan

-diagnostic arthroscopy

• blocks heel, caudal 1/3 of foot, most of sole
• most distal block
• primarily deals with navicular and deep digital flexure tendon

[image]

- Blocks from proximal pastern distally (not fetlock) (not much analgesia on dorsal surface of P2&1)

- insert needle at level of fetlock

- P2&3 are compleatly blocked

[image][image]

- Blocks distal 1/3 of MC3 distally (aka cannon bone)

- Horses w/ navicular disease would be sound with this one

[image][image]

- Blocks palmar carpal and palmar MC nerves

- Desensitizes MC region, fetlock joint and rest of distal limb

- Inject just distal to carpus

[image][image]

- Performed AFTER nerve blocks if lameness persists

- Should clip/prep area (ideally) so they don't get joint sepsis

[image]

- Purpose: confirm condition, localize disease, diagnose/rule-out list

*handle with caution*

- History, PE, observation (mental status, behavior, posture/coordination)

- Gait assessment (strait line, circle, back, incline walking, elevated head walking)

- postural reflexes - sway reaction, placing responses

- spinal reflexes - anal/perineal, withdrawl

- tail tone

- cutaneous sensation (panniculus response)

- Shortest length

- largest diameter

- least reactive

- accomplish goal

- mimimize thromboplebitis

- Jugular - most common

- Lateral thoracic vein  - used if jugular is not available

- Median cephalic and saphaneous vein - tends to collapse, kink or dislodge b/c of leg motion

For oral dosing, administration of fluids (funnel, dose syringe, stomach pump; ~1 gallon), and refluxing (void stomach contents)

- Advantages: reliable delivery, good diagnostic tool (colic)

- Disadvantages: trauma, placement into lungs => aspiration; horses resent it (physical or chemical restraint)

- colic cases - finds necrosis

- obtain peritoneal fluid for analysis (clues for disease or rupture (find ingesta))

- Procedure: horse standing (foal - lateral recumbancy w/ local analgesia), lowest part of abdomen (clip/prep), ventral midline and just right (so you don't hit spleen), EDTA tube and serum blood tubes to collect fluid (EDTA first for blood, serum 2nd for bacterial cultures)

- Gross visual: pale yellow, clear, odorless, water consistency

-Total protein

-WBC/RBC count

-PCV

-Microscopic (bacteria)

-Microbial C&S

- obtain synovial fluid for analysis (joint disease)

- Procedure: standing, clip/prep (if unclipped, use scrub brush to get nasties away), restraint (must be motionless, twitch or sedate), EDTA first, Serum 2nd

* foal NEED asepsis b/c more susceptable to 'joint ill' *

- Gross visual: yellow, clear/transparent, odorless, viscosity (stringy)

- TP

- RBC/WBC count

- PCV

- Microscope eval (bacteria)

- C&S

- filing down the sharp edges of the teeth

*Sedate and place the mouth speculum*