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| What type of vitamins are initially transported to the lymph as chylomicrons, mostly stored in the liver, and have greater chances of being toxic? |
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Retinol
retinal
retinoic acid |
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fish
liver
egg yolk
whole or fortified milk |
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| Vit A is usually found in what form in foods |
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provitamin a
non provitamin a |
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beta carotene (converts better)
alpha carotene
beta cryptoxanthin |
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| 3 types of non provitamin a |
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Definition
lutein
lycopene
zeaxanthin |
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| (retinoid) vitamin a functions |
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Definition
visual cycle
maintains epithilial cells in the eye
gene expression (retinoic acid)
cell differentiation (mucus/keratin) |
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| failure to reform rhodopsin in the visual cycle can cause |
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xerophthalmia (eye dryness)
corneal xerosis
bitots spots
blindness
infections |
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| carotenoid functions (nonprovitamin a) |
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Definition
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| which fatsoluble vitamins function as antioxidants |
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| which fat soluble vitamins are toxic? |
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| which fat soluble is teratogenic? |
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| beta carotene toxicity causes |
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Definition
| hyper carotenoidemia/hypercarotenosis=orange color skin |
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Definition
d2-ergocalciferol
d3-cholecalciferol
25 oh d3- 25 hydroxycholecalciferol
1.25 (oh)2 d3- 1.25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (calcitriol) |
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| main form of vit d in foods and found in the skin |
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| form of vit d made in the liver and circulates in the blood |
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| active form of vit d used by body made in the kidneys |
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| calcitriol/1.25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol/ 1.25 (oh)2 d3 |
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| vit d is found in the skin as_____ and is converted to |
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Definition
7 dehydrocholesterol
d3/cholecalciferol |
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Definition
calcium regulation
phospherous homeostasis
cell proliferation and growth
muscle function |
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| PTH and calcitriol functions to |
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Definition
| raises blood calcium levels if low by inc absorption in the intestines, break down of bone, and reabsorption in kidneys. |
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rickets (children )
osteomalacica (adults) |
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| calcification (calcium deposits) |
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tocopherols (alpha, beta,gamma,delta)
tocotrienols (alpha, beta,gamma,delta) |
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| the only vitamer that can meet vit e requirements of the body |
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phylloquinone k1
menaquinone k2 |
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| primary form of vit k in diet |
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| made by bacteria in the digestive system (mostly lg intestines) |
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blood clotting
bone health |
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| beriberi (wet/cardio, dry/neurologic, acute/Wernicke's encephalopathy) |
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| activation of other enzymes |
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| ariboflavinosis=cheilosis, glossitis, stomatits |
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| turns urine bright yellow/orange |
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| water soluble vit made from tryptophan in the body |
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Pellagra
(dermatitis, death, diarrhea, dementia) |
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| water soluble vit made in the GI tract.... |
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biotin
(absorbed by diffusion) |
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| avidin in raw eggs and alcohol inhibit absorption of |
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| pantothenic acid functions |
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| acetylation (addition of long fatty chains) |
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| burning foot syndrome is due to a deficiency of |
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| supplements and fortified foods |
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| folate absorption requires folate polyglutamate diestion/removal of......... |
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Definition
| of all glutamates except one |
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| folate deficiency charateristics |
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Definition
dec dna replication
disruption of normal cell cycle
inc damage to existing dna |
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| megaloblastic/microcytic anemia |
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| how much folic acid according to the CDC will dec the chances of a child being born with neural tube defects? |
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megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia
neurologic problems |
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defects in illeum receptor cells
destruction of parietal cells (no IF)
insufficient acid in stomach (wont release vit. from food)
acidic/low intestinal ph (b12 wont get rlsed from r-protein) |
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Term
b12 absorption:
food enters stomach and..... |
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Definition
| HCL removes b12 from food and b12 binds to R-protein. |
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Term
b12 absorption:
b12 and R-protein enter duodenum and .... |
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Definition
| alkalinity removes b12 from protein and it attaches to IF |
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Term
b12 absorption:
B12 and IF go to ileum and..... |
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Definition
| attached to receptors that encytose into the ileal cells removing b12 from IF and attaching it to Transcobalamine 2 and goes into the blood. |
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Term
after b12 and IF endocytose into ileal cell it dettaches from IF and attaches to what?
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| Destruction of Parietal cells= no IF= what deficieny? |
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Definition
| Pernicious anemia ( where antibodies destroy parietal cells=no IF) |
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| low intestinal ph=what disease? |
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Definition
| zollinger ellison syndrome |
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| b12 unique ability with storage |
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| which vitamin is recommended with aging |
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pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine |
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myelin synthesis
heme synthesis |
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| myelin synthesis is done by which 2 vitamins |
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| microcytic anemia (due to impaired heme synthesis) |
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| neurologic problems and neural tube problems are because of deficiencies in what vitamins? |
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| another name for vitamin c |
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Definition
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Definition
antioxidant
hydroxylation (recharging iron containing enzymes-adding an oh group) |
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| hydroxylation does what to collagen? |
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| inc cross linking=strengthening of collagen |
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| smokers have a higher need for what vitamin |
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| scurvy (hemorrhagic, hyperkeratosis, hypochondriasis) |
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| indicator for vit d status |
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Definition
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| calcitriol is formed in what organ? |
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Definition
| kidney as the 2nd step in vit d activation |
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| 7 dehydrocholesterol is found |
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Definition
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| 25 OH D3 is formed in what organ? |
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Definition
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| 7 dehydrocholesterol is converted to _____on the ________ |
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