Other name: Vitamin B₁

Deficiency disease: Beriberi (wet, with edema; dry, with muscle wasting)

Deficiency symptoms: enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness; apathy, poor short term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss.

Toxicity: none reported

Other name: Vitamin B₂

Deficiency disease: Ariboflavinosis

Deficiency symptoms: sore throat, cracks and redness at corners of mouth, painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales.

Toxicity: none reported

Other name: none (B Vitamin)

Deficiency disease: none, rarely occur. Researchers can induce biotin deficiency in animals or humans by feeding them raw egg whites, which contain a protein avidin that binds biotin and prevents its absorption.

Deficiency symptoms: depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss

Toxicity: none reported

Other name: Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide, Vitamin B_3, precursor in dietary tryptophan (an amino acid)

Deficiency disease: Pellagra

Deficiency symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomitting, inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue; depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache, bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight.

Toxicity: painful flush, hives, and rash; nausea and vomiting; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

Other name: none (B Vitamin)

Deficiency disease: none, very rare

Deficiency symptoms: vomitting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomina, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin, numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk

Toxicity: none reported

Other name: Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

Deficiency disease: no disease, without adequate vitamin B₆, synthesis of key neurotransmitters diminishes, and abnormal compounds produced during tryptophan metabolism accumulate in the brain.

Deficiency symptoms: scaly dermatitis; anemia; depression, confusion, convulsions

Toxicity: depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions

Other name: Folic acid, folacin, pteryoyglutamic acid (PGA)

Deficiency disease: none, folate deficiency impairs cell division and protein synthesis processes critical to growing tissues.

Deficiency sypmtoms: Anemia; smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache; shortness of breath; elevated homocysteine

Toxicity: Masks Vitamin B₁₂- deficiency symptoms

Other name: Cobalamin

Deficiency disease: Pernicious anemia

Deficiency symptoms: Anemia; fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation

Toxicity: none reported

Other name: none (nitrogen-containing compound found in foods and made in the body from the amino acid methionine)

Deficiency disease: none, very rare.

Deficiency symptoms: liver damage

Toxicity: body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage

Choline supports the structure and function of the brain and spinal cord.

Other name: Ascorbic acid

Deficiency disease: Scurvy

Deficiency symptoms: Anemia; atherosclerosis plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth; muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, depression; rough skin, blotchy bruises.

Toxicity: Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; headache, fatigue, insomnia; hot flashes, rashes; interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

Other name: Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid; precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene

Deficiency disease: Hypovitaminosis A

Deficiency symptoms: night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye, softening of the cornea, and corneal degeneration and blindess; impaired immunity; plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps

Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis A^a

Chronic Toxicity symptoms: increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defects

Acute Toxicity symptoms: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo; increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches, muscle incoordination

Other name: Calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vtiamin D (calcitriol); the animal version of Vitamin D₃ or cholecalciferol; the plant version of Vitamin D₂ or ergocalciferol; precursor is the body's own cholesterol

Deficiency disease: none, factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency include dark skin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, and not using fortified milk.

Deficiency symptoms:

1. Rickets in Children: inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs); enlargement of ends of long bones (kness, wrists); deformities of ribs, delated clsoing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head, lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen, muscle spasms.

2. Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis in Adults: loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones; progressive weakness; pain in pelvis, lower back and legs.

Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis D

Toxicity symptoms: elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissue around joints)

Other name: Alpha-tocopherol

Deficiency disease: none, rare and is usually associated with diseases of fat malabsorption such as cystic fibrosis.

Deficiency symptoms: red blood cell breakage, nerve damage

Toxicity: Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

Other name: Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone

Deficiency disease: rare, a primary deficiency develops in response to an inadequate dietary intake whereas a secondary deficiency occurs for other reasons.

Deficiency symptoms: hemorrhaging

Toxicity: none known