Term
| Which reactive oxygen species do not fit the free radical definition? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen or lipid peroxide
Singlet oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory burst refers to the use of which reactive oxygen species by the white blood cells to destroy foreign microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fenton reaction involves the production of hydroxyl radical by the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with what trace mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which reactive species is considered a major initiator of lipid peroxidation in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which three minerals are necessary to optimize the performance of superoxide dismutase in human tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is capable of directly reacting with which reactive species? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical
Superoxide |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral is essential to the function of glutathione peroxidase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of glutathione in the reaction between glutathione peroxidase and various peroxide species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antioxidant vitamin is not very effective in eliminating hydroxyl radicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When reacting with peroxyl radicals, which antioxidant functions at the cell surface and which functions in the cell interior? |
|
Definition
| Beta-carotene functions more in the interior of a cell, while vitamin E functions more on the cell surface |
|
|
Term
| Which reactive species is referred to as an “electronically excited” molecule, and is inactivated by a process called “quenching”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the source of hydrogen atoms necessary for the regeneration of ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B-vitamin functions as a coenzyme to regenerate oxidized glutathione? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme is required for the synthesis of vitamin C and not present in human biochemistry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which category of enzyme reaction is typical of the kind catalyzed by vitamin C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the functions in human biology that involve vitamin C. |
|
Definition
Carnitine synthesis
Norepinephrine synthesis
Serotonin synthesis
Collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Which two minerals can be reduced by ascorbate, leading to increased capacity for generation of reactive oxygen species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An intervention trial found that large doses of vitamin C reduced blood levels of which toxic metal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there any known differences in the biological activities or bioavailabilities of natural and synthetic vitamin C? |
|
Definition
| Natural and synthetic vitamin C are chemically identical and there are no known differences in their biological activities or bioavailability. |
|
|
Term
| Comparing retinol, beta-carotene, and tocopherol, which of these are associated with each of the following characteristics: 1) Primarily stored in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing retinol, beta-carotene, and tocopherol, which of these are associated with each of the following characteristics: Primarily stored in adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing retinol, beta-carotene, and tocopherol, which of these are associated with each of the following characteristics: Stored in liver and body lipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing retinol, beta-carotene, and tocopherol, which of these are associated with each of the following characteristics: Most essential for differentiation of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing retinol, beta-carotene, and tocopherol, which of these are associated with each of the following characteristics: Most effective for inhibiting LDL oxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing retinol, beta-carotene, and tocopherol, which of these are associated with each of the following characteristics: Most effective for inhibiting neoplastic transformation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing vitamin A and E, Hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing vitamin A and E - Keratinization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing vitamin A and E - Xerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing vitamin A and E - Night blindness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing vitamin A and E - Neuromuscular degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fat-soluble micronutrient shows the greatest promise as therapy for hypercholesterolemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary site for conversion of provitamin A to vitamin A in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four steps for the use of vitamin A in the visual cycle? |
|
Definition
Correct Oxidation of retinol to all-trans retinal
Correct Conversion of all-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal
Correct Binding of 11-cis retinal to opsin
Correct Uptake of retinol into photoreceptor rod cells |
|
|
Term
| Which form of vitamin A supports the development of cells by influencing gene expression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism for the effect of vitamin A on the growth of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
| Increases numbers of receptors for growth factors |
|
|
Term
| Name the mineral deficiency that interferes with vitamin A metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the signs of vitamin A toxicity. |
|
Definition
Bone pain
Headache
Liver damage
Skin irritations |
|
|
Term
| How many vitamers of vitamin E are there? |
|
Definition
| 8 vitamers, including tocopherols and tocotrienols |
|
|
Term
| Which food category is the richest source of dietary vitamin E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alpha-tocopherol has the greatest vitamin E activity in the human body due to a selective preference for this specific vitamer in what part of vitamin E processing? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic cell production of VLDL |
|
|
Term
| Name the primary lipoprotein that distributes tocopherol to the tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regeneration of oxidized vitamin E requires which three cofactors? |
|
Definition
Reduced glutathione
NADPH
Vitamin C |
|
|
Term
| A placebo-controlled intervention study found that a vitamin E supplement reduced the incidence of cancer in what tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is bound to enzymes used by carboxylase enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin functions as a coenzyme as NADP/NADPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin functions as a coenzyme as FMN/FMNH2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is a component of Coenzyme A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin functions as a coenzyme as TPP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the condition that is associated with thiamin deficiency and alcoholism. |
|
Definition
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential roles of thiamin in the body? |
|
Definition
Energy transformation
Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH
Membrane and nerve conduction |
|
|
Term
| What is the best dietary source of riboflavin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is a precursor to niacin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of vitamin B3 is used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the metabolic pathways that require Acetyl CoA. |
|
Definition
Cholesterol
Ketogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis
Citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| What glycoprotein found in raw egg whites may prevent biotin absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease or condition results from an absence or insufficient activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme complex? |
|
Definition
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease |
|
|
Term
| The activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase is useful for assessing the adequacy of which vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The activity of erythrocyte transketolase is useful for assessing the adequacy of which vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl CoA carboxylase depends on which B vitamin to begin fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B vitamins use the AI recommendation for adult recommendations because there is insufficient available data to establish EAR and subsequent RDA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excretion of fluorescent orange yellow urine follows oral ingestion of which vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the B vitamins synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subclinical deficiency of which B-vitamins may develop in a substantial number of pregnant women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B-vitamin plays a role in transamination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B-vitamin deficiencies are associated with megaloblastic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B-vitamin deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a functional test used for assessing vitamin B6. |
|
Definition
| Xanthurenic acid excretion following tryptophan loading loading is a functional test used for B6. |
|
|
Term
| The coenzyme form of B6 (PLP) is involved in which metabolic reactions? |
|
Definition
Serine synthesis
Synthesis of heme
Formation of GABA from glutamate |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 is stored mainly in what part of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is intrinsic factor important |
|
Definition
| A characteristic that is unique to vitamin B12 is that it requires intrinsic factor for absorption. |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of all vitamin B12 synthesis in nature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral is a component of vitamin B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary cause of B12 deficiency seen in the US? |
|
Definition
| Inadequate absorption is the primary cause of B12 deficiency seen in the US. |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin deficiency can result in a tissue deficiency of active folate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active folate participates in the synthesis of which pyrimidine base |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deficiency of either B12 or folate can be determined by what laboratory test |
|
Definition
| Deoxyuridine suppression test |
|
|
Term
| Which B vitamin can mask a B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin is more easily absorbed from supplements because the food form contains glutamic acid residues that must be removed by the digestive process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin may become deficient due to reduced absorption when protein digestion is impaired |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin is required by law to be fortified into food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevention of cancer with optimal folate nutrition appears most promising for cancer in which tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevention of birth defects with folic acid is best accomplished by starting supplementation when |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which groups of people are vitamin B12 supplements likely to be necessary in order to prevent B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
People over 50 years of age
People with atrophic gastritis
People using gastric acid-reducing drugs long-term |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D3 produced in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthetic vitamin D2 available commercially |
|
Definition
| ergocalciferol (ercalciol) |
|
|
Term
| Most abundant form of vitamin D in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fully activated form of vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precursor to pre-vitamin D3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D precursor found only in plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which foods are high in vitamin D because they are typically fortified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name all of the organs in the body where vitamin D must be hydroxylated in order to achieve full potency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors will stimulate 1-alpha hydroxylase in the synthesis of calcitriol? |
|
Definition
Low plasma calcium concentrations
Elevated blood parathyroid hormone
Low concentrations of 1, 25-(OH)2 D3 |
|
|
Term
| The primary function of vitamin D is to regulate absorption and metabolism of which minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stimulus that ultimately signals the 1-alpha hydroxylation of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of rickets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the disorder associated with insufficient serum calcium and phosphorus, which leads to defective bone mineralization with preservation of bone matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dosages of 10,000 IU/day of vitamin D for several months can result in what conditions? |
|
Definition
hypercalcemia
nephrolithiasis |
|
|
Term
| How does the 1997 suggested Adequate Intake of vitamin D vary among age categories in adults? |
|
Definition
5 mcg for adults under age 51
10 mcg for adults between 51 and 70
15 mcg for adults over 70 |
|
|
Term
| By what mechanisms does vitamin D influence psoriasis? |
|
Definition
decreases proliferation of the keratinocytes
increases skin epidermal cell differentiation |
|
|
Term
| List the reasons why adequate amounts of vitamin K are usually present in the body? |
|
Definition
Recycling of vitamin K is quite efficient
A normal diet contains much more than recommended requirements.
Intestinal bacteria synthesis contributes to total intake |
|
|
Term
| For what category of enzyme does vitamin K act as a cofactor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-K dependent modification of proteins such as the clotting factors affects the binding of which mineral ion by those proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the anticoagulants that antagonize vitamin K action. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the bone proteins that depend upon vitamin K for their production. |
|
Definition
osteocalcin
matrix Gla protein |
|
|
Term
| What role may vitamin K play in the health of soft tissue structures? |
|
Definition
| Prevention of calcification |
|
|
Term
| What population groups and clinical situations are associated with increased risk for vitamin K deficiency? |
|
Definition
liver damage or disease
chronic antibiotic treatment
newborn infants
fat malabsorption disorders |
|
|
Term
| Name the blood disorder associated with a vitamin K deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the methods for determining vitamin K status. |
|
Definition
prothrombin time
undercarboxylated prothrombin
undercarboxylated osteocalcin |
|
|
Term
| List good food sources of vitamin C |
|
Definition
Orange juice – 75 mg
Grapefruit juice – 60 mg
Orange – 70 mg
Strawberries – 82 mg
Red pepper – 141 mg |
|
|
Term
| What are the required digestive steps for normal absorption of vitamin A to occur in the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
De-esterification
Micelle formation
Protein hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| List the major members of the family of carotenoids. |
|
Definition
Lutein
Canthaxanthin
Alpha-carotene
Lycopene |
|
|
Term
| What processes can form reactive species in the body? |
|
Definition
| Reactive species can be formed during normal physiological processes – defense against microbes or other foreign substances, exposure to smog, ozone, chemicals, drugs, radiation and high levels of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of hydrogen peroxide production in the human body? |
|
Definition
| Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate, oxidation of compounds in peroxisomes, trama or injury, oxidases |
|
|
Term
| Which reactive lipid species is best able to propagate chain reactions in, for example, the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What oxidation-reduction state of glutathione is more effective as an antioxidant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the presence of a lipid or aqueous environment determine which antioxidant is more effective |
|
Definition
| Lipid environments – lipid soluble antioxidants – aqueous – water soluble |
|
|
Term
| Large doses of beta-carotene (such as 25 mg/day) are deemed unsafe for adults in what circumstances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma retinol is a good reflection of vitamin A status under what conditions? |
|
Definition
| Stores of vitamin A are filled to capacity or have depleted their stores |
|
|
Term
| List the roles of flavoproteins in intermediary metabolism P331 |
|
Definition
| All require flavoproteins: electron transport chain, oxidative decabolation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate dehydrogenase, fatty acid oxidation, sphingosine synthesis, coenzyme for oxidase, B6 meabolism, synthesis of an active form of folate, synthesis of niacin, choline catabolism, some neurotransmitters, reduction of glutathione, thioredoxin reducatse. |
|
|
Term
| List the metabolic roles of NADPH |
|
Definition
| Fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis, oxidation of glutamate, synthesis of DNA, regeneration of glutathione, vit. C and thioredoxin |
|
|
Term
| List the effects of niacin toxicity on the body |
|
Definition
| Vasodilatory effects, gastrointestinal problems, liver injury, hyperuricemia and possible gout and elevation of plasma glucose concentrations |
|
|
Term
| Which B-vitamin plays a role in myelin maintenance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most reliable signs of a B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
| Megablastic macrocytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| List the potential toxic effects of excess pyridoxine – B6 |
|
Definition
| Peripheral and sensory neuropathy, dorsal root ganglia in the spinal cord, loss of myelination and degeneration of sensory fibers in peripheral nerves. |
|
|
Term
| Mammals are unable to synthesize folic acid for what reason? |
|
Definition
| Mammals do not have the enzyme necessary for coupling of pterin molecules to PABA to form pteroic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Studies have shown that folate is protected from oxidative destruction by what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The metabolism of serine, glycine, methionine and histidine all depend on the involvement of what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name good food sources of vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid |
|
Definition
B6 – meat, whole-grain products, veggies, fruit, nuts and fortified cereals. B12- meat and meat products, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs
Folate – mushrooms, green vegetables, peanuts, legumes, lentils, fruits, liver and jucies |
|
|
Term
| List the active forms of vitamin B6. |
|
Definition
| Seven forms are known – PLP (most active), PM, PN, PL, PMP, PNP, PA |
|
|
Term
| List the options for treatment of pernicious anemia |
|
Definition
| High dose Oral supplementation and injections of vitamin B12 to bypass intestinal absorption. |
|
|
Term
| List the risk factors for vitamin D deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the dietary and non-dietary forms of vitamin K |
|
Definition
| Intestinal bacteria. Kale, broccoli and Swiss chard |
|
|
Term
| Which form of vitamin K has toxic potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
