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shine light into eye used to judge the amount and type of lenses needed |
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2.5mm diameter holes improves visual acuity if degraded by refractive error or media irregularity or opacity |
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view of cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, anterior vireous |
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observe the eye's posterior segment (vitreous, retina, optic disc) |
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lesions affecting axons originating in macular (foveal) region common causes: optic neuritis, hereditary degerenations, toxins |
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lesions affecting axons originating in macualr region and the region between macula and optic disc (papilla) common causes: hereditary degenerations, toxins, nutritional defic |
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lesions affecting axons coming from temporal retina that arch above or below the macular axons common causes: optic nerve infarction and glaucoma |
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caused by damage to nasal radial axon bundles common causes: congenital anomalies or inflammation |
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