Term
| Private laboratories, hospital laboratories, national reference labse, or college laboratories are governed by ____. |
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Definition
| The CLIA (clinical laboratory improvement amendments) |
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Term
| What percent of cardiac output perfuses the kidneys every minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 products the kidneys help produce that affect blood? |
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Definition
Erythropoitin:stimulates RBC production
Renin: an enzyme for controlling blood pressure. |
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Term
| How many nephrons are in each kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the oldest clinical lab procedure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerular filtrate becomes urine after... |
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Definition
| it leaves the distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| The principal solutes of urine |
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Definition
| urea, sodium, chloride, potassium, creatine, uric acid, and ammonia |
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Term
| The body excretes ___ grams of dissolved material/24 hours. |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of urine is water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Average daily volume of urine |
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Definition
1200-1500ml,
600-2000 ml/day is normal range |
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Term
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Definition
>2000ml/24hrs
DM, DI, Large fluid intake, diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
<500ml/24hr
Renal tubule dysfunction, end stage renal disease, obstruction, edema, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, shock |
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Term
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Definition
absence of urine
renal failure, obstruction, heart attack. |
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Term
| When is the best urine specimine collected? |
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Definition
| Midstream clean catch on first of the morning urine, most concentrated. |
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Term
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Definition
begins within 30 min at room temp
4 hours if refrigerated |
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Term
| Urinalysis, most common collection method |
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Definition
| random sample, its most convenient. |
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Term
| Testing of urine should begin... |
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Definition
immediately or at least within 2 hours at room temperature.
Within 24 hours with a preservative. |
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Term
| Changes in unpreserved urine. |
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Definition
| Color becomes darker, turbidity increases, odor is more foul smelling, pH increases, glucose, ketones, bilirubin and urobilinogen decreases, nitrites and bacteria increase, RBC's lyse, WBC's and casts disintegrate. |
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Term
| Color of urine roughly indicates: |
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Definition
| hydration and concentration |
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Term
| Straw to amber (light yellow to dark yellow) urine color |
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Definition
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Term
| Smoky, red, pink, brown color urine |
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Definition
associated with blood
diet can affect color, beets=red or pink |
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Term
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Definition
| Found with dehydration; from fever, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
is found with alkaptonuria, melanin
It turns black after air exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| Is found with diabetes insipidus or overhydration associated with low SpG |
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Term
| Brown, yellow/green urine, very dark yellow |
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Definition
Found with liver problems, check bilirubin and urobilinogen
May see jaundice of skin and sclera |
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Term
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Definition
associated with hyperlipidemia
risk for heart disease and stroke |
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Term
| Clear urine character/turbidity/transparency |
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Definition
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Term
| Slightly hazy urine character/turbidity/transparency |
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Definition
| usually normal, check sediment |
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Term
Cloudy urine
Character/Turbidity/Transperency |
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Definition
insignificant if associated with crystals
May be pus, bacteria, RBC's, spermatozoa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Urine sediment contributes to |
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Definition
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Term
| Specific gravity evaluates... |
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Definition
| the kidneys ability to concentrate urine |
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Term
Specific gravity
normal range |
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Definition
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Term
| Urinometer/refractometer vs dipstick urine test |
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Definition
Urinometer/refractometer=physical characteristic
Dipstick=chemical characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fixed SpG at 1.010, signifies the end stage of renal failure |
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Term
| Increased specific gravity indicates |
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Definition
Concentrated Urine, (proteinuria or glucosuria)
Dehydration (fever, vomiting, diarrhea)
Decreased renal blood flow (heart failure, renal artery stenosis) |
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Term
| Decreased Specific Gravity indicates |
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Definition
Dilute urine
Decreased concentration
Overhydration
Glomerulonephritis (hamaturia, blood casts)
Pyleonephritis
Diabetes insipidus
Renal failure |
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Term
Urine Odor
foul fishy smell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diabetes mellitus/ketosis |
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Term
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Definition
| asparagus, enterobladder fistula-leaks bowel gas into urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
acid-base ballance of the patient
often indicator of renal or lung disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Urine becomes ____ as it stands due to baterial growth and breakdown of urea. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 7.35-7.45 more critical than urine pH |
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Term
| Changes in pH appear first in ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
decreased values (<7)
respiratory acidosis, ie. emphysema
metabolic acidosis, ie. sugars, diabetic, ketoacidosis
diabetic mellitus
large amounts of meet or cranberries |
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Term
| UA shows pH 5, +2 sugar, sm ketones |
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Definition
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Term
| UA shows: pH 5, everything else -, except emphysema |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
>7
respiratory alkalosis, hyperventilation
UTI |
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Term
| UA reveals pH8, 20-30 WBC, +2 bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| UA reveals pH5, 20-30 WBC's +2 bacteria |
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Definition
| UTI, no cranberry juice because it is already acidic |
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Term
Which requires concurrent care?
Upper UTI
Lower UTI |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic urine is associated with ____ crystals |
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Definition
xanthine, cysteine, uric acid stones.
patient should be kept alkaline |
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Term
| Alkaline urine is associated with ____ crystals. |
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Definition
Calcium carbonate, calcium, and magnesium phosphate stones.
Patient should be kept acidic |
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Term
| Dipstick is mainly sensitive to Albumin/Protein? |
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Definition
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Term
Protein/Albumin
Reported as |
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Definition
trace, +1, +2, +3, +4
Normal is negative |
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Term
| Albuminuria is used synonymously with |
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Definition
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Term
| Always investigate proteinuria since it is a primary indicator of ____. |
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Definition
| renal disease, can also be a sign of stress, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, preclampsia, trauma |
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Term
| How does protein get in the urine? |
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Definition
| the glomerular filter is leaking proteins |
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Term
| Positive dipstick test for albumin needs to be confirmed with ____. |
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Definition
| SSA, Sulfasalicylic Acid Test |
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Term
| Proteinuria because of kidney disease usually indicates ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Strange causes of proteinuria |
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Definition
| Strenuous exercise, exposure to cold, large abdomen, pregnancy, abdominal pressure, dehydration, febrile illness |
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Term
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Definition
Patient displays normal urine when supine and proteinuria when standing.
Lie down for one hour and recheck urine. |
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Term
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Definition
toxemia associated with pregnancy, especially 3rd trimester.
Proteinuria and increased blood pressure are associated if mild
May be severe with headache, visual changes, liver enlargement, severe proteinuria, intrauterine growth retardation, convulsions, coma |
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Term
Female age 13 sports physical
color yellow
character clear
pH 5
Protien +1 |
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Definition
Proteinuria, probably exercise enduced. have her go home and retest in a few days.
Could also be caused by a cold |
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Term
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Definition
Massive proteinuria
shows up +4 protein
Urine may appear frothy
severe edema, especially around eyes
Associated with: toxins, bee stings, severe infections, polycystic kidney |
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Term
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Definition
Run on +4 protein
Considered when Multiple Myeloma suspected |
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Term
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Definition
normal is negative
dipstick is qualatative
if + get fasting blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
AKA blood threshold value
beyond the threshold glucose spills over into the urine
140-180 mg/dl
Diabetics may be higher |
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Term
| Hyperglycemia and Glucosuria due to |
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Definition
Diabetes mellitus (clasic)
Endocrine disorders (acromegaly)
pancreatic problems (tumor, pancreatitis)
adrenal disorders (cushings)
hyperthyroidism
pregnancy
stress
CNS disorders, tumor, hemorhage, stroke |
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Term
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Definition
due to lack of available sugar getting into cells because of lack of insulin.
Ketones are a byproduct of fat metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
+1, +2, +3, +4
negative is normal
Usually associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, or warn of diabetic coma |
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Term
Bilirubin urinalysis
normal |
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Definition
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Term
| Most bilirubin is formed in the ____. |
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Definition
| recticuloendothelial system (spleen, liver, marrow) as a breakdown product of RBC hemoglobin |
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Term
| Bilirubin is acted on by bacteria to become ____ and is then reduced to ____ which gives color to feces |
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Definition
Urobilinogen
Stercobilinogen |
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Term
| Conjugated bilirubin in the urine would indicate that |
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Definition
| there is an obstruction to flow of bile from the liver... gallstones, tumor, pancreatic Ca, liver |
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Term
| Urine characteristics and color if bilirubin present |
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Definition
| urine is dark and may have yellow foam |
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Term
| Jaundice and pale colored feces would be associated with |
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Definition
liver dysfunction or biliary obstruction.
urine with bilirubin |
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