Term
| What are the 6 families of DNA viruses? (HHAPPPy) |
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Definition
- herpes
- hepadna
- adeno
- papova
- parvo
- pox
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Term
| What is the only single stranded DNA virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only family of DNA viruses that replicates in the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three naked DNA viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only double-stranded RNA virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number one cause of pneumonia in young children? |
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Definition
| respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
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Term
| Which type of hepatitis is associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma? |
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Definition
| chronic hepatitis B infection |
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Term
| Which type of hepatitis is a leading cause for liver transplantation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 6 regulatory genes contained in HIV-1 and what are their functions? |
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Definition
- Tat - transcriptional transactivator
- Rev - increasing transport through nuclear pore
- Vpr - G2 arrest
- Nef - viral production and activation
- Vpu - stimulates viral release
- Vif - prevents hypermutation by cellular deaminase (APOBEC3G)
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Term
| What is herpetic keratitis and what type of medication should be avoided in treating it? |
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Definition
- corneal and conjunctival herpes infections that may lead to scarring and blindness
*** topical steroids promote extension into deeper structures of the eye |
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Term
| What type of test is used for direct visualization of herpes? |
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Definition
| Tzanck test: shows intranuclear inclusions or multinucleated giant cells |
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Term
| What type of diagnostic test is useless for active herpes simplex infections? |
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Definition
| serology (antibody) tests |
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Term
| What family of viruses causes chickenpox? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of virus is response for the characteristic pathological appearance of "owl's eyes"? |
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Definition
| cytomegalovirus: intranuclear inclusions plus eccentrically-placed intracytoplasmic inclusions surrounded by a clear halo |
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Term
| Which types of HPV cause genital warts and which types of HPV cause cervical cancer? |
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Definition
- 6 & 11 caused benign genital warts
- 16, 18, and 31 cause cancer
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Term
| What causes infantile laryngeal papillomas? |
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Definition
| Perinatal transmission of HPV types 6 or 11 |
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Term
| What are the two human polyomaviruses and what do they cause? |
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Definition
- JC virus => progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- BK virus => UTI's, hemorrhagic cystitis
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Term
| What three families are under the arbovirus classification? |
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Definition
- togaviridae
- flaviviridae
- bunyaviridae
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Term
| What is one invariable symptom of any arbovirus infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the equine encephalitides has the highest mortality rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of virus multiplication of the dengue virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How/where does budding of the bunyamwera virus occur? |
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Definition
| through the smooth membranes of the Golgi apparatus |
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Term
| Name two viruses that are suspected to be transmitted through contact with rodent urine. |
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Definition
| Hantavirus and Arenavirus |
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Term
| What is effective treatment for Lassa fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are enteroviruses transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary site of replication of enteroviruses? |
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Definition
| intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells |
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Term
| Which type of polio vaccine is primarily used in the US? |
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Definition
| the inactivated Salk vaccine |
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Term
| What cells does poliovirus infect? |
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Definition
- Peyer's patches of the intestine
- Motor neurons
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Term
| What are the three clinical manifestations of polio? |
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Definition
- abortive poliomyelitis
- aseptic meningitis
- paralytic poliomyelitis: asymmetric flaccid paralysis
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Term
| What are the most common manifestations of coxsackie and echoviruses? |
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Definition
- aseptic meningitis
- rashes (hand-foot-mouth disease)
- myocarditis
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Term
| Are rhinoviruses acid-stable or acid-labile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two viruses are responsible for the "common cold"? |
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Definition
| rhinoviruses and coronaviruses |
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Term
| What limits rhinoviruses' ability to cause more serious disease in the lower respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| optimum temperature of 33 means it prefers the upper respiratory tract |
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Term
| What two groups of viruses are implicated in diarrhea? |
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Definition
| rotaviruses (reoviridae) and Norwalk/noroviruses (caliciviridae) |
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Term
| Which vaccine was withdrawn from the market due to an association with intussusception? |
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Definition
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Term
| What virus was the first to be clearly associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which virus that causes diarrhea is affected by the protective effects of breast-feeding? |
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Definition
| Rotaviruses, not Noroviruses |
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Term
| What percent of the 50 and up population has antibodies against noroviruses? |
|
Definition
| 50% (compared to 90% in 4 yr-olds for rotavirus) |
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Term
| What are the cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of rabies-infected neurons called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors determine the outcome of rabies-infection? |
|
Definition
- inoculation site
- exposure dose
- virus strain involved
- age and physiological status of host
- post-exposure treatment
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Term
| What is used in prophylaxis treatment of a severe rabies bite that isn't used for a minor one? |
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Definition
HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin):
- 1/2 infiltrated into the wound, 1/2 injected IM into gluteal area |
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Term
| What must be added to the growth medium for tissue cultures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell type is most often used for cell cultures? Name two examples of cell lines. |
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Definition
| human diploid lung fibroblasts: WI-38, MRC-5 |
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Term
| What is viropexis and how does it occur? |
|
Definition
- an adsorbed virion becomes engulfed by the surface membrane of a host cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis
- the nucleocapsid is contained in an endosomal vesicle, which becomes acidified
- low pH leads to conformational change in viral spike proteins, which promotes fusion of the viral envelope membrane and host cell membrane
- the nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm of the host cell
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Term
| Which two types of viruses use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to make mRNA? |
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Definition
| negative-sense ssRNA viruses and double-stranded RNA viruses |
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Term
| Which DNA virus is incapable of malignant transformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of influenza is most often associated with Reye's syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a "cytokine storm"? |
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Definition
| H5N1 influenza (avian flu) |
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Term
| What is a "quadruple reassortment virus"? |
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Definition
| The new H1N1 (swine flu) virus, which contains two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia, and avian and human genes. |
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Term
- Which myxovirus is segmented?
- Which replicates in the cytoplasm?
- Which has a higher frequency of genetic recombination?
- Which has hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on a single protein?
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of croup in children? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are some complications of RSV infection? |
|
Definition
- increased risk of severe illness in presence of underlying disease (i.e. immunosuppression)
- development of chronic pulmonary disease (asthma)
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Term
| How does a mature herpes virus get released from the host cell? |
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Definition
| It buds through the nuclear membrane |
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Term
| What do the three classes of herpes virus mRNA code for? |
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Definition
- alpha polypeptides: may be related to latency
- beta polypeptides: thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase
- gamma polypeptides: structural components of virus
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Term
| Why is the herpes virus unaffected by circulating antibody? |
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Definition
| It forms multi-nucleated giant cells and spreads cell-to-cell instead of through the blood |
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Term
| What are two theories for the reactivation of latent herpes viruses? |
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Definition
- ganglionic theory: metabolic changes in latently infected cells switch on replicative cycle
- skin trigger theory: virus multiples chronically in ganglion but sheds intermittently to the skin; local alterations in host immunity initiate replication in the skin
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Term
| What causes 10% of cases of viral encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| Herpes simplex infections |
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Term
| What is the resullt of CMV infections during childhood and adulthood? |
|
Definition
| mononucleosis-like syndrome |
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Term
| What are some ways to prevent transmission of CMV to organ and transfusion recipients? |
|
Definition
- use of anti-CMV antibody-nepative donors (rare)
- depletion of WBCs from transfued product using filters
- anti-viral suppression in recipient of organ
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Term
| What makes EBV different from other members of the herpesviridae family? |
|
Definition
- can be isolated only in lymphoblastoid cell lines (B cells)
- does not produce a cytopathic effect
- does not produce characteristic intranuclear inclusions
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Term
| What are three antigens used in the diagnosis of EBV? |
|
Definition
- nuclear antigens (EBNA): appear in nucleus prior to virus-directed protein synthesis
- viral capsid antigen (VCA): detectable when mature virions are being produced
- early antigens (EA): found in non-productive cell lines (that produce no mature virions)
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Term
| What malignancies are associated with EBV? |
|
Definition
- African Burkitt's lymphoma
- anaplastic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients
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|
Term
| How does EBV enter B cells? |
|
Definition
| via binding of envelope glycoprotein to B cell C3d receptor |
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|
Term
| What are endogenous retroviruses? |
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Definition
| Retroviruses that infect germ line cells so that the progeny carry proviruses in all body cells- may protect the carrier from further exogenous infections by blocking the cellular virus receptor |
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|
Term
| What does JC virus cause? |
|
Definition
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- subacute, degenerative disease similar to Alzheimer's |
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|
Term
| Which strand of Hepatitis B mRNA serves as a template for reverse transcriptase to synthesize a full-length DNA strand? |
|
Definition
+ sense RNA
=> which forms a full-length (-)sense DNA strand |
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Term
| What is the difference between someone who is immune to Hep B through natural infection vs. someone who is immune due to immunization? |
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Definition
| Person with natural immunity due to infection will be positive for anti-HBc |
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|
Term
| What is the standard lab testing protocol for Hep B? |
|
Definition
| All persons that test positive for Hep B should be screened for antibody to delta-antigen |
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|
Term
| How many cases of Hepatitis C does the CDC expect in the US by 2020? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is tissue damage caused by enterovirus infection? |
|
Definition
| initial damage is due to lytic nature of viral replication, secondary sequelae may result from molecular mimicry |
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Term
| Which virus sheds for up to 4 months and may cause confusion when analyzing stool samples for diagnosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does the histopathology of a polio infection look like? |
|
Definition
| necrosis of neurons, perivascular cuffing by mononuclear cells |
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|
Term
| What virus has 3 concentric capsids? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What viral disease is associated with nucchal rigidity, in addition to fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, mental confusion, tremors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the presentation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infectino? |
|
Definition
| aseptic meningitis or mild flu-like illness |
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|
Term
| Which strain of the live polio vaccine is most likely to revert to virulence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which strain of live polio vaccine is most likely to affect immune-deficient babies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of vaccine was associated with the Cutter incident? |
|
Definition
| improper inactivation of the poliovirus |
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Term
| What is the major antigen that was used to create a vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disadvantage of recombinant vector vaccines? |
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Definition
| People with immune deficiences may develop a disseminated infection |
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