Term
| Structure, genome, and replication location of influenza virus? |
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Definition
- Enveloped
- (-) segmented RNA
- A and C have 8 segments
- C has 7
- Replicates in the nucleus
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Term
| What are the virulence factors for influenza virus? |
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Definition
- Hemagluttinin: cell adhesion and cell entry
- Neuraminidase: cleaves host sialic acid after virus has attached, allowing for release of cell
- Matrix proteins: form pores in host endosome that release influenza RNA into the host cell
- NS1: inhibits IFN signalling of the host cell to prevent activation of innate immunity
- Steals host mRNA 5' cap
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Term
| What types of cells do influenza viruses invade? |
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Definition
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract |
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Term
| Most common complicaton of influenza? |
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Definition
| Secondary bacterial infections due to destruction of ciliated cells |
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Term
| When do incidences of influenza peak? |
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Definition
| Begins in December, peaks in February, tapers in May |
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Term
What are the ages and risk factors for influenza in:
- Mexico
- United States
- Argentina
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Definition
- Mexico: Hockey stick distribution with peak at age 70
- United States: Hospitalized patients ages 24-49 and Native Americans/Native Alaskans age 65 and older
- Argentina: those under age of 6 months and older than 55, strong association with S. pneumoniae
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Term
| What is the Influenza A vaccine targeted against? |
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Definition
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Term
| Indications for the swine flu vaccines? |
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Definition
- Pregnant women
- Those between 6 -24 months of age
- Between 24-64 years of age with high-risk conditions
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Term
| Name the species and markers for each genera of Paramyxoviridae |
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Definition
Respirovirus
- Parainfluenza 1 and 3
- F and HN
Rubulovirus
- Parainfluenza 2 and 4
- Mumps
- F and HN
Pneumovirus
- RSV
- MPV (metapneumovirus)
- F and G
Morbillivirus
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Term
| What are the virulence factors for the Paramyxoviridae? |
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Definition
- Hemagluttinin neuraminidase (Parainfluenza 1-4 and Mumps): virus adhesion
- Hemagluttinin (Measles): virus adhesion
- G protein (RSV and MPV): virus adhesion
- F protein (All): cleaved by exogenous protease for virus invasion, defective protein linked to measles CNS persistence
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Term
| Structure, genome, and replication location of the Paramyxoviridae? |
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Definition
- Enveloped
- (-) continuous RNA
- Replicates in the cytoplasm
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Term
| Which family of the respiratory viruses has a stable genome that allows for reliable vaccination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of a parainfluenza infection? |
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Definition
Upper and lower respiratory tract infections:
- Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
- Pharynigitis
- Colds
- Bronchitis
- Pneumonia
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Term
| What are the symptoms of an infection with RSV/MPV? |
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Definition
Upper and lower respiratory infections:
- Pneumonia (most common cause in children under 6 months old)
- Colds
- Bronchiolitis
- Otitis media
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Term
| Who are those at high risk of catching a virus in the Paramyxoviridae family? |
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Definition
- Hospitalized patients
- BMT patients have high mortality rates
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Term
| What is the treatment for those infected with a virus from the family Paramyxoviridae? |
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Definition
- Ribavirin (guanosine analogue) for severe cases
- RespiGam and Synagis Ig prophylactically for premature infants
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Term
| What infections are caused by Coronaviruses? |
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Definition
- Common cold, similar to that caused by rhinivirus
- SARS
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Term
| What is the structure, genome, and replication location of Coronaviruses? |
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Definition
- Enveloped
- (+) RNA
- Replicates in the cytoplasm
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Term
| How is SARS different from other species of Coronoviridae? |
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Definition
| Most cause local infections (rhinorrhoea and sore throat), SARS is systemic |
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Term
What are the symptoms of SARS?
|
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Definition
- Pneumonia
- Dyspnea/hypoxemia (may require ventilator)
- Dry cough
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Term
| How are non-SARS coronaviruses diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Serology and cell/organ culture (research only?) |
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Term
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Definition
- RT-PCR
- Serology
- Cell/organ culture
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Term
| What viruses are in the family Bunyaviridae? How are they transmitted to humans? |
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Definition
| Hantavirus and Bunyavirus; both are rodent-borne |
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Term
| What diseases do the viruses in the Bunyaviridae family cause? |
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Definition
- Hantavirus: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- Bunyavirus: California encephalitis
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome? |
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Definition
- Pulmonary infiltrates
- Fever
- Muscle aches
- Tachypnea
- Thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis
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Term
| Structure and genome of Bunyaviridae? |
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Definition
- Enveloped
- Segmented ambisense RNA
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Term
| How is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure and genome of Adenovirus? |
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Definition
- Non-enveloped
- dsDNA, undergoes splicing
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Term
| What illnesses are caused by Adenovirus? |
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Definition
Upper respiratory tract infections, enteric
- Types 1-7: Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) and Acute Respiratory Disease (ARD)
- Types 8, 19, 37: epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
- Types 40, 41: enteric
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Term
| How is Adenovirus diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group is Adenovirus typically seen in? What time of the year, and why? |
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Definition
| Those under 15 years of age, prevalent in the summer -- the virus is viable in chlorinated water |
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Term
| How is Adenovirus treated? |
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Definition
| Only treated in those with HIV or herpes: Cidofovir |
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