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virus and bacteria
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87
Biology
Not Applicable
02/09/2005

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Term
recombination
Definition
something new in the dna and rna
Term
animal cell
Definition
eukaryotic
Term
bacterium
Definition
prokaryotic
Term
virus
Definition
neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Term
virus structure
Definition
genome - double and single stranded rna and dna - linear and circular strands - 4 to several 100 genes - capsid is protein coat
Term
capsid
Definition
composed of smaller protein subunits called capsomeres
Term
virus envelope
Definition
surrounds capsid - composed of cell membran of host cell w/ proteins and glycoproteins of the virus - aids in infecting the cell
Term
viral reproduction
Definition
obligate intracellular parasites, host range, viral genome, replication, new virus
Term
obligate intracellular parasites
Definition
can only reproduce inside a host cell
Term
host range
Definition
hosts which a particular virus can infect. viral coat fits into the cell membrane of the host by lock and key method
Term
viral genome in replication
Definition
enters the host cell and the capsid is degraded
Term
viral dna in replication
Definition
uses host cells machinery to replicate its nucleic acid (replication) and produce capsid proteins (trasncription and translation)
Term
***dna viral genome***
Definition
enzyme of replication - dna polymerase of host cell
Term
***rna viral genome***
Definition
enzyme of replication - rna replicase and reverse transcriptase
Term
***rna replicase***
Definition
replicates viral rna
Term
***reverse transcriptase***
Definition
uses viral rna as template to make dna (cdna) - host cell machinery used in cdna for transcription of viral genome and transcription + translation of capsid protein
Term
lytic cycle
Definition
host cell is killed by lysis - releases new viruses
Term
lysogenic cell
Definition
viral genome is replicated w/o killing the host cell - it is inserted
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
virus that infects bacteria
Term
virulent phage
Definition
reproduces w/ lytic only
Term
temperate phage
Definition
uses lytic or lysogenic
Term
virion
Definition
free virus
Term
prophage
Definition
viral dna inserted into host dna
Term
glycoprotein of envelope
Definition
binds to specific receptors on the host cell membrane
Term
capsid in envelope
Definition
digested
Term
vesicles in envelope
Definition
transport glycoproteins to the cell membrane where they cluster
Term
retrovirus
Definition
special group of rna viruses that have reverse transcriptase
Term
HIV
Definition
immunodeficieny virus - causes aids - infects Th cells lymphocytes - recognizes CD4 protein receptor on the host cell - 100% mortality
Term
emergent viruses
Definition
appeared recently - cause mutations in existing viruses and tranfers the virus betwween species
Term
bacteria against viral infections
Definition
mutations in membranes receptors - restriction enzymes - enzymes protect from foreign dna - cuts dna between specific bases within specific nucleotide sequences
Term
animal cells against viral infections
Definition
immune system - vaccines
Term
vaccines
Definition
dead or weakened form of virus - trigger the immune system to produce antibodies that have memory cells
Term
memory cells
Definition
prevent a second infection from the same virus (immunity)
Term
viroids
Definition
small molecules of dna that infect plants
Term
prions
Definition
small protein molecules that can cause infection (mad cow disease)
Term
hypothesis of prions
Definition
prion attaches to normal proteins, causing the normal protein to change into the prion shape
Term
bacteria structure
Definition
monera kingdom - prokaryotic - single circular chromosome in nucleiod region
Term
bacteria replication
Definition
theta replication - one origin of replication - 5' to 3' - dna attaches to bacterial membrane and will seperate as the mesosome forms - reproduction is binary fission
Term
plasmids
Definition
small circular dna found in the cytoplasm - dna contains genes - self-replicating, but usually replicate within chromosomal dna - 2 classes (episomal and nonepisomal)
Term
episomal plasmids
Definition
integrate in the chromosomal dna - f-plasmid contains genes from a production of a conjugation tube (allows for sexual reproduction)
Term
nonepisomal plasmids
Definition
remains seperate from chromosomal dna - r-plasmid contains genes for antibiotic resistance
Term
bacterial reproduction
Definition
asexual is binary fission - sexual is f+ and f- bacteria
Term
pilus
Definition
attaches to another bacterial cell and forms a conjugation tube
Term
conjugation tube
Definition
cytoplasmic channel
Term
f+ bacteria
Definition
contains f plasmid (male)
Term
f- bacteria
Definition
no f plasmid (female)
Term
hfr bacteria
Definition
has f plasmid that is integrated (high frequency recombinant)
Term
f+ and f- bacteria
Definition
f+ attaches to f- cell through pilus - tubes connect cells - f plasmid replicates - new copy travels through tube - f- cell is converted to f+ cell
(no exchange os bacterial chromosomal genes)
Term
f+ to hfr conversion
Definition
f plasmid integrated into chromosomal dna - hfr cell has f plasmid
Term
hfr and f- bacteria
Definition
hfr attaches to f- through pilus - tube forms - f plasmid replicates and travels to f- cell - replication occurs in one direction - small piece of plasmid replicates then chromosomal gene replicates - tube breaks before transfer is complete - f- is still f- (new combinations)
Term
crossover
Definition
occurs between chromosomal genes brought in by f plasmid and chromosomal genes on f- cell
Term
transformation
Definition
cells pick up genetic info from surrounding environment - avery macleod and mccarty - bacterial cells can be manipulated to pick up plasmids from environment
Term
transduction
Definition
virus carries genes from one bacterial cell to another - 2 types - generalized is random movement and specialized is specific movement
Term
transposons
Definition
jumping genes - they can move within chromosomes of cell because of transposase enzyme - inverted repeat dna sequences at each end
Term
different genes
Definition
active in different cells at different times in the life of a cell
Term
active genes
Definition
undergoing transcription and traslation - turned on
Term
inactive genes
Definition
turned off - undergoing trascripton and trasnlation
Term
promoter
Definition
region of the dna which binds rna polymerase - TATA box
Term
structural genes
Definition
genes that code for structural protein or enzyme
Term
regulatory genes
Definition
code for repressor of regulatory protein
Term
positive control
Definition
mechanism of a gene control that enhances transcription (CAP-cAMP)
Term
negative control
Definition
mechanism of gene control that inhibits trasncription (repressible operon, inducible operon)
Term
repressible operon
Definition
genes normally on and can be turned off (negative feedback) - anabolic pathways and trp operon
Term
inducible operon
Definition
genes normally off and can be turned on (positive feedback) - catabolic pathways and lac operons
Term
operon
Definition
region of the prokaryotic chromosome that includes promoter, operator, and structural genes
Term
operon system
Definition
allows genes involved w/ metabolic pathway to be transcribed and translated as a unit
Term
lac operon
Definition
lactose breakdown - operon starts off and is induced
Term
non-histone protein
Definition
regulatory and amount varies
Term
histone protein
Definition
helps package the dna and amount is constant
Term
dna packaging
Definition
dna wraps around nucleosome - can be pulled together as nucleosomes are packaged and looped around each other - euchromatin is active dna and heterochromatin is inactive (barr bodies)
Term
nucleosome
Definition
"bead" - basic unit of dna packaging - contains 4 types of histone proteins that connect to adjacent beads
Term
genome organization
Definition
97% does not code for protein - tandemly repetative dna (satellite dna) - interspersed dna - single copy dna
Term
regular satellite dna
Definition
centromere and telomere
Term
minisatellite dna
Definition
genetic disorders
Term
microsatellite dna
Definition
dna fingerprinting
Term
interspersed dna
Definition
alu elements - can be caused by transposons
Term
single copy dna
Definition
functional genes and pseudogenes
Term
multigene families
Definition
genes that are similar or identical in nucleotide sequence - arise from duplication mutation during dna replication - 2 types (identical and nonidentical)
Term
gene amplification
Definition
replication of specific genes during certain times (egg cell-cleavage and cancer cells)
Term
gene rearrangement
Definition
transposons and retrotransposons (replicated transposons)
Term
dna mehtylation
Definition
inactivates genes (barr bodies)
Term
histone acetylation
Definition
acetyl group placed on a histone protein loosens dna and allowes for increased transcription factor binding
Term
enhancer
Definition
region of dna that binds transcription factors
Term
transcription factors
Definition
can function as activators of repressors
Term
translational control
Definition
lifespan of mrna and prevent initiation of translation-mrna from attaching to ribosome
Term
post-translational control
Definition
protein - modification of protein - zymogen form (inactive) - lifespan protein
Term
cancer
Definition
mutations in genome - physical environmental factors - oncogenes - proto-oncogenes (produce proteins regulating normal cell growth) - tumor-supressor genes (produce proteins that inhibit cell growth)
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