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Virology Test 2
Virology Test 2
482
Microbiology
Undergraduate 4
02/19/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the subfamilies in the Family Parvoviridae? (2)
Definition
Parvovirinae, Densovirinae
Term
What are the genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae? (4)
Definition
Parvovirus, Erythrovirus, Dependovirus, Bocavirus
Term
What are the genus in the subfamily Densovirinae? (5)
Definition
Densovirus, Iteravirus, Contravirus, Brevidensovirus, Pefudensovirus
Term
What is the type species for Erythrovirus?
Definition
Human B19 virus
Term
What is the type species for Dependovirus?
Definition
Adeno-associated virus 2
Term
What is the type species for Densovirus?
Definition
Junonia coenia densovirus
Term
What is the type species for Iteravirus?
Definition
Bombyx mori densovirus
Term
What is the type species for Contravirus?
Definition
Aedes aegypti densovirus
Term
Parvovirus is generally found in what species?
Definition
Humans and mice (minute virus)
Term
Erythrovirus is found in what species?
Definition
humans
Term
Adeno-associated virus 2 uses what two other viruses to complete it's replication cycle?
Definition
Herpes virus, adenovirus
Term
Bocavirus is found in what species?
Definition
humans and cows
Term
What is the type species for Bocavirus?
Definition
bovine parvovirus
Term
What subfamily is Amdovirus a part of?
Definition
parvovirinae
Term
Amdovirus is found in what species?
Definition
mink (Aleutian mink virus disease)
Term
What subfamily is Brevidensovirus a part of?
Definition
Densovirinae
Term
What subfamily is Pefudensovirus a part of?
Definition
Densovirinae
Term
What is the type species for Brevidensovirus?
Definition
aedes aegypti densovirus
Term
What is the type species for Pefundensovirus?
Definition
periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus
Term
What do Densovirus, Iteravirus, Brevidensovirus and Pefudensovirus have in common? (2)
Definition
All are a part of the subfamily densovirinae and are insect viruses
Term
Adeno
Definition
gland
Term
Brevi
Definition
short
Term
Dependo
Definition
to hang on
Term
Entomo
Definition
insect
Term
Erythro
Definition
red
Term
Denso
Definition
thick, compact
Term
Parvo
Definition
small
Term
What are the smallest DNA viruses? What's the approximate size?
Definition
Those of the family parvoviridae; 18 to 26 nm
Term
B19 is closely related to what other types parvoviruses? Two examples
Definition
Monkey parvoviruses; macaque and rhesus macaque
Term
Do adeno-associated virus 2 cause disease in humans?
Definition
no
Term
Dependoviruses are used in what form of biotechnology?
Definition
Gene therapy
Term
Canine and feline parvovirus are closely related to what other parvovirus? (hint: animal species)Why?
Definition
mink enteritis virus; mink meat was once fed to cats and dogs
Term
Human bocavirus causes what human disease?
Definition
pneumonia
Term
Parvoviruses are naked or enveloped? Helical or icosohedral? How many capsomers do parvoviruses have?
Definition
Naked; icosohedral; 60
Term
Is parvovirus dsDNA or ssDNA? Is is a small or large genome?
Definition
ssDNA; small
Term
What's interested about the parvovirus viral genome?
Definition
It has inverted complementary sequences
Term
What are the inverted complementary sequences in parvoviruses involved?
Definition
Priming
Term
Autonomous parvoviruses can do what?
Definition
replicate on their own
Term
Dependoviruses require what?
Definition
helper virues
Term
Why do Dependoviruses require helper viruses?
Definition
They need the transforming function
Term
What are two examples of helper viruses?
Definition
Adenovirus, herpesvirus
Term
The terminal ends/inverted repeats of autonomous parvoviruses are the same or different from each other?
Definition
Different
Term
Dependoviruses terminal ends/inverted repeats are the same or different from each other?
Definition
Same
Term
inverted complimentary sequences do what? (2)
Definition
Bind to each other and form hairpin structures
Term
Do parvoviruses have ANY dsDNA? If yes, where?
Definition
Yes, in the hairpin portion
Term
Where to autonomous parvoviruses uncoat?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Infection with a autonomous parvovirus leads to what?
Definition
a productive/lytic infection
Term
What receptor do autonomous parvoviruses use? (2)
Definition
heparin sulfate proteoglycan cell receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor
Term
What happens when you get an infection with a Dependovirus such as adeno-associated virus?
Definition
It enters the cell and integrates into the dna
Term
Where does AAV integrate into the host DNA?
Definition
Chromosome 19 of humans
Term
What happens if AAV is introduced into the cell at the same time as a helper virus (adenovirus/herpes virus)?
Definition
AAV will complete its replication cycle and lead to a productive/lytic infection
Term
What happens if a helper virus (adenovirus/herpes virus) is added to a cell that is already infected w/ AAV?
Definition
AAV will complete its replication cycle and lead to a productive/lytic infection; AAV is "rescued"
Term
Splicing of parvovirus transcripts allows for what?
Definition
It allows for making more proteins that would normally be possible with the one transcript
Term
HOw many transcripts can be made due to splicing for AAV? MVM (minute virus of mice)? B19?
Definition
6+, 3, 9
Term
Why are so many different transcripts made for B19?
Definition
it replicates in different cells and needs the machinery to be able to do this
Term
What purpose does binding of inverted repeats serve?
Definition
It primes for replication and allows use of the ssDNA to be a template
Term
What are the steps of parvovirus DNA replication? (3)
Definition
Hairpin formation!
1. Elongate
2. Nick and open (elongation at nick)
3. Gap fill: in this step, the gaps in the parental DNA are filled in using teh progeny DNA--at the end, the parental DNA ends up being a hybrid molecule (parental/new DNA)
Term
What is NS1 and where does it bind? What is its function?
Definition
Non-structural protein that binds to ends of DNA; guides unit length DNA to empty capsid and cleaving from ssDNA to complete nucleocapside
Term
What's the infection route of parvovirus?
Definition
respiratory tract, blood transfusion, across placenta to fetus
Term
What are the symptoms of parvovirus infection?
Definition
LACY rash, biphasic rash after viremia, arthritis, fever/headache/itching
Term
What are the other names for parvovirus infections in humans? (3)
Definition
Erythema infectiosum, 5th disease, "slapped cheeks"
Term
Why is parvovirus infection in humans so troubling during pregnancy?
Definition
Can cause mid-trimester abortion because the virus will destroy the RBC precursors of the baby. This leads to anemia and cardiac failure of the baby
Term
Is parvovirus EXCLUSIVELY a childhood disease?
Definition
NO! It can occur in adults
Term
Viremia
Definition
virus in the blood
Term
Pyrexia
Definition
fever
Term
What are the hematologic changes that occur with human parvovirus?
Definition
reticulocyte, leukocytes and hemoglobin counts drop
Term
When does the rash characteristic of human parvovirus occur?
Definition
after the fever
Term
Where does B19 parvovirus occur? Is it contagious? What is the incubation period?
Definition
EVERYWHERE, highly contagious, 10 day incubation period
Term
How is B19 parvovirus diagnosed? (4)
Definition
immune electron microscopy, Dot-Blot hybridization with cloned viral DNA, ELISA and PCR
Term
How does the ELISA work?
Definition
It looks for antibodies
Term
How does Dot Blot hybridization work/
Definition
Using labeled DNA to see if it'll attach to viral DNA probes
Term
What's the treatment and prevention for b19 parvovirus?
Definition
No SPECIFIC treatment or vaccine (preventative strategy)
Term
Are there any kinds of supportive treatments for b19 parvovirus? What are they?
Definition
Yes; blood transfusions to prevent or treat aplastic crisis due to infection with the virus; especially critical when a person has sickle cell
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
deficiency of the formed elements (RBC, WBC) of teh blood due to a failure of teh cell-producing machinery of the bone marrow
Term
Reticulocyte
Definition
immature erythrocyte (RBC) with a network of threats and particles at the former site of the nucleus; one percent of all RBC
Term
erythroblast
Definition
nucleated cell passing through maturation stages to become a mature erythrocyte
Term
hydropps fetalis
Definition
edema, abnormal accumulation of fluid between cells
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
lower than normal number of platelets and resulting in bleeding and easy bruising
Term
lymphocytopenia
Definition
lower than normal number of lymphocytes in the blood circulation
Term
neutropenia
Definition
abnormal decrease in the number of nuetrophils (type of WBC) in the blood
Term
For how long can b19 parvovirus be contagious?
Definition
a week
Term
Can ethanol be used to get rid of B19 on hands? Why?
Definition
No; it's a nonenveloped virus
Term
What genus are in the Family papillomaviridae family?
Definition
genus papillomavirus
Term
What viruses are in the Genus Papillomavirus?
Definition
Human papilloma virus (80 types), bovine papilloma (5 types), Shope papilloma plus elephant, dear, canine, equine, ovine, orca, turle...
Term
What is the type species for the Genus Papillomavirus?
Definition
Shope papilloma virus (cottontail rabbit papillomavirus)
Term
What viruses are part of the family polyomaviridae?
Definition
polyoma virus, simian vacuolating agent (SV 40), BK virus of humans, JC virus of humans, plus mouse, monkey, baboon, bovine, hamster, rhesus
Term
What virus in the Family Polyomavirus is included in the polio vaccine?
Definition
SV40
Term
Is BK virus benign or malignant?
Definition
Bening--unless you have HIV too
Term
Are polyomaviruses envoloped or non-envoloped? icosohedral or helical? fibers or no fibers?
Definition
non-enveloped, icosohedral, no fibers
Term
Are papillomaviruses envoloped or non-envoloped? icosohedral or helical? fibers or no fibers?
Definition
non-enveloped, icosohedral, no fibers
Term
how big is papillomavirus?
Definition
55 nm (bigger)
Term
how big is polyomavirus?
Definition
44 nm (smaller)
Term
What is the importance of being non-enveloped viruses?
Definition
These viruses are very stable in the environment; i.e. papillomavirus, polyomavirus, parvovirus
Term
Is the naked DNA infectious for polyomavirus? Papilloma virus? Adenovirus?
Definition
polyoma naked DNA is infectious, papilloma naked DNA IS NOT infectious, adenovirus naked DNA is infectious
Term
can papillomavirus grow well in cell culture?
Definition
No--not w/o helping factors
Term
The DNA for papilloma and polyoma virus is?? dsDNA/ssDNA
Definition
supercoiled ds DNA
Term
Do papilloma or polyoma viruses have enzymes in the virion?
Definition
No
Term
What is the eclipse period for papillomaviruses?
Definition
12-14 hours; LONGER than normal for most viruses
Term
How long is the entire multiplication cycle of papilloma viruses?
Definition
48 hrs
Term
What kind of infection do papilloma viruses cause?
Definition
productive/lytic OR non-productive/tranformation
Term
A tranformation cycle in papilloma virus infections can lead to what?
Definition
cancer
Term
What are teh steps of the multiplication cycle of polyoma and SV40 virus?
Definition
Attachment by VP1 to cell growth factor receptors, endocytosis, uncoating in the NUCLEUS, tight transcriptional control, DNA replication, early and late translation and assembly
Term
What are early T antigens sometimes involved in? (T antigens are in polyoma and SV40 viruses)
Definition
Transformation of the cell and cancer
Term
What are late genes in Polyoma and SV40 responsible for?
Definition
Structural proteins
Term
Do polyoma and SV40 obviously lyse infected cell?
Definition
no
Term
Polyoma promoter elements--
What is the purpose of T-Ag binding sites?
Definition
Promote early transcription of early T antigens; as more early T antigens are made (translated) and bind to these sites, it becomes inhibitory and early genes are transcribed less
Term
polyoma promoter elements--
What is the enchancer region for?
Definition
Enchances teh transcription of late genes which allow for the virion to be put together
Term
SV 40 promoter elements
What are teh 21 sites?
Definition
repetitive elements that T antigens bind to
Term
SV 40 promoter elements
What are the 72 sites?
Definition
repeated DNA regions where T antigens bind that increase LATE transcription of messenger RNA
Term
What virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
Definition
JC virus of the polyomaviridae family
Term
[image]
Definition
Transcriptional map of polyomavirus
one strand: Tripartite region that is spliced together with a coding region for small, middle and large T antigens
NOTE: in the middle and large T antigens, there's splicing w/in the coding region
other strand: also has a promoter element that is spliced to make three proteins.
VP1: involved in attachments
VP2 and 3: structural proteins
Term
What does multifocal leukoencephalopathy do? is it fatal? what causes it?
Definition
demyelinate nerves; not normally fatal; jc virus
Term
What group of people are usually targeted for polyoma diseases?
Definition
immuno-suppressed
Term
What part of the body is affected by BKV?
Definition
Urinary tract, respiratory tract
Term
Cis-regulatory elements
Definition
regulate adjacent genes
Term
trans-regulatory elements
Definition
regulate distant genes
Term
Aspects of PAPILLOMAvirus transcriptions
Definition
multiple promoters, complex and multiple splicing, differential production of mRNAs in different cells, cis AND trans regulatory elements
Term
What is meant by differential production of mRNAs in different cells in papillomavirus?
Definition
depending upon the cell type in which the virus is in, it'll lead to a vegetative or productive production
Term
[image]
Definition
LCR: Long Control Region contains enchancer elements responsive to cellular and viral factors
E1 gene: enchance replication of plasmid OR downregulate expression of E1 gene
E2: regulates transcription
E5: involved in transformation in bovine
**E6/E7: involved in transformation in HUMAN cells (progresses to cancer)
L1/L2: Late gene products, are capsid proteins and are upregulated by early products
Term
In what cells does papillomavirus replicate?
Definition
lower basal cells in epithelium
Term
When can replication of papillomavirus NOT occur?
Definition
when teh cell is not dividing
Term
How is papilloma virus DNA maintained?
Definition
as a stable multicopy plasmid that replicates once per cell cycle
Term
In differentiated cells, what happens as far as papilloma virus DNA replication?
Definition
it replicated vegetatively
Term
Does cellular synthesis occur in differentiated cells infected w/ papilloma virus?
Definition
no
Term
Where does primary infection of papillomavirus occur?
Definition
in the basal stem and reserve cells; iow: have to get past the dead skin layers
Term
In what layer of skin can E6 and E7 be first found?
Definition
lower spinous layers
Term
In what layer of skin can koilocytes be seen?
Definition
upper spinous layers
Term
in what layer of skin can late proteins (of papillomavirus) be first seen?
Definition
upper spinous layer
Term
Where are mature virions assembled in the epithelium?
Definition
granular layers
Term
From where is papillomavirus shed?
Definition
the stratum corneum skin layer
Term
What is a typical indicator of papilloma infection?
Definition
koilocytes
Term
Cell pathology in papilloma virus infections shows what?
Definition
dysplastic cells, enlarged cells, koilocytes, darkly staining nucleus, clearing around nucleus, small cytoplasm
Term
Which serotypes of papillomavirus undergo transformation and account for 95% of cervical cancers?
Definition
16, 18, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58
Term
What is the function of E7?
Definition
transforming proteins, modulate transcription, transactivated Adenovirus E2 gene, interacts with RB gene
Term
Human keratinocytes are transformed by what protein to immortality?
Definition
papillomavirus E6
Term
Papillomavirus E7 protein is similar to what other proteins in domain and function?
Definition
Adenovirus E1A (similar transformation properties and domains)
Term
What activates the adenovirus E2 gene?
Definition
papillomavirus E7
Term
What is teh function of RB?
Definition
retinoblastoma gene controls cell proliferation--it represses transcription
Term
What is the function of p53?
Definition
tumor suppressor protein
Term
Under normal cell conditions, are there low levels or high levels of p53?
Definition
low
Term
What happens to p53 levels upon DNA damage, cell stress or viral infection? What happens to the cell when this happens?
Definition
increases; the cell growth cycle stops
Term
What does papillomavirus protein E6 do to p53 levels? How does this affect the cell?
Definition
It lowers p53 levels and allows teh cell cycle to continue into the DNA synthetic phase and to grow
Term
How does E6 lower levels of p53 protein in the cell?
Definition
by mediating the ubiquitination of p53
Term
What does ubiquitination of a protein do?
Definition
it targets the protein to a proteosome that then destroy the protein
Term
Is phosphorylated Rb active or inactive?
Definition
inactive
Term
What does E2F-1 cellular protein do?
Definition
it activated Rb protein to let it repress transcription
Term
How does E7 of HPV interact with Rb/E2F complex?
Definition
It boots off E2F-1 protein from teh complex and inactivates Rb protein. Transcription is activated and the cell cycle continues
Term
What diseases are associated with papillomavirus?
Definition
skin warts, anogenital condylomas, laryngeal papillomatosis, flat condylomas of uterine cervix, neoplasias of genitalia and anal region, cervical neoplasia associated with HPV 16/18
Term
anogenital condylomas
Definition
can grow to the point that it looks like small cauliflowers
Term
laryngeal papillomatosis
Definition
can be transmitted through oral sex
Term
flat condylomas of uterine cervix and warts can....
Definition
be benign
Term
How can condylomas (HPV) be detected if not visible?
Definition
low concentration of acetic acid will turn it white/silver
Term
Are all condylomas (HPV) easily detected?
Definition
No; there's a lot of subclinical presentation
Term
How can papilloma be diagnosed?
Definition
biopsy; visually rarely confused
Term
How can papilloma be treated? (5)
Definition
laser, LEEP, freeze w/ liquid N2, alpha/beta leukocyte interferons inhaled or injected, podophyllum topically for skin warts ONLY
Term
Where can a person get warts?
Definition
face, finger foot, genitals
Term
Cancers due to HPV include...?
Definition
Cervical, penile, colorectal, esophageal
Term
Is JC virus malignant?
Definition
It only causes disease (PML) in immunosuppressed; most people have it and are asymptomatic
Term
Where does JCV establish a persistent infection?
Definition
kidneys--maybe be able to shut kidneys down; perhaps also establishes infection in bone marrow
Term
Does JCV integrate or is it episomal?
Definition
Episomal in nucleus
Term
JC virus causes chronic infection in? It infects where?
Definition
kidney; nerve cells
Term
What are the serotypes in HPV vaccine?
Definition
6, 11, 16, 18
Term
What type of Ig does teh HPV vaccine produce?
Definition
IgG
Term
Why does the HPV vaccine protect even though it only produces IgG?
Definition
Vagina has transdermal IgG on surface cells
Term
SV40 virus interacts which which? Rb or p53?
Definition
both
Term
Adenovirus E1A interacts which which? Rb or p53?
Definition
Rb
Term
Adenovirus E1B interacts which which? Rb or p53?
Definition
p53
Term
HPV E6 interacts which which? Rb or p53?
Definition
p53
Term
HPV E7 interacts which which? Rb or p53?
Definition
Rb
Term
What's the function of E2F?
Definition
to regulate Rb
Term
Is adenovirus icosohedral or helical? envoloped or naked? What's the symmetry?
Definition
icosohedral, naked, five fold or seven fold
Term
How can you ID adenovirus?
Definition
by gold labeling proteins on teh virions
Term
What is the most abundant protein in adenovirus?
Definition
hexon protein
Term
What does core protein in adenovirus do?
Definition
associated with the DNA in terms of packaging
Term
What does penton associated protein do?
Definition
internalization of adenovirus into cells
Term
What stain stains proteins?
Definition
Komasi blue
Term
What is the role of fibers in adenovirus?
Definition
involved in attachment
Term
What are human and animal adenovirus groups based on?
Definition
serological cross reactions of hexon and penton proteins
Term
What are adenovirus serotypes based on?
Definition
serological reactions of the fiber proteins; these vary across animal/human cell type because fiber proteins are important in attachment
Term
What is a molecular method for grouping of adenovirus?
Definition
restriction enzyme profiles
Term
What are the genera in Adenoviridae? (2)
Definition
Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus
Term
What is the type species for the genera Mastadenovirus?
Definition
Human adenovirus C
Term
Are there any cross reacting antigens between adenovirus genera? within a genus?
Definition
No, yes
Term
How many groups of adenoviruses infect mammals?
Definition
10
Term
What is canine hepatitis caused by?
Definition
a kind of adenovirus
Term
What is the type species for Aviadenovirus?
Definition
fowl adenovirus
Term
avi
Definition
bird
Term
mast
Definition
breast
Term
Can the oropharynx be infected with adenovirus?
Definition
yes
Term
Adenovirus serogroups have different kinds of .... in them.
Definition
serotypes
Term
T/F. Restriction enzyme is a way to ID different serotypes of adenovirus?
Definition
True
Term
Why can some restriction enzymes ID a specific serotype over another and others can't?
Definition
Serotypes cut by some restriction enzymes give the same profile. But when cut by another restriction enzyme, you can distinguish the differences between teh serotypes
Term
When does penetration occur in adenovirus?
Definition
when pento bases bind to cellular integrins
Term
How does adenovirus adsorb to cell receptors?
Definition
using the fail fibers
Term
how many strategies for uncoating does adenovirus have?
Definition
2
Term
What is inhibited when adenovirus proteins are in a cell?
Definition
cellular DNA and protein synthesis; this idea is important in gene therapy
Term
What are the two uncoating strategies of adenovirus nucleic acid?
Definition
1. Penetration of virion core into nuclear pores
2. in a nuclear pocket: uncoating of DNA and release directly into the nucleus
Term
What has circular DNA?
Definition
polyomavirus, papilloma virus
Term
Is adenovirus linear or circular?
Definition
linear
Term
T/F. semi-conservative replication of adenovirus DNA occurs after late proteins are syntehesized?
Definition
no; before
Term
What allows circularization of the adenovirus? What function does circularization have?
Definition
terminal redundancy of DNA; it is part of the DNA replication strategy
Term
What do panhandle structures indicate in adenovirus?
Definition
inverted terminal repeats
Term
how was the structure of adenovirus DNA determined?
Definition
using chemicals and enzymes
Term
What is Type 1 Replication?
Definition
a type of replication in adenovirus (can prime from both ends) that ends with with an end product of a double stranded linear DNA and a single stranded DNA w/ inverted repeats
Term
What is Type 2 replication?
Definition
A type of replication in adenovirus where the ssDNA w/ inverted repeats is made into dsDNA
Term
How does adenovirus prime for DNA replication?
Definition
using a terminal protein with a serine-OH on it that binds to a cytosine-ppp; the terminal protein attaches to the 5' ends
Term
how does parvovirus prime for dna replication?
Definition
hairpin structures (formed from the inverted terminal repeats)
Term
how does polyoma/papilloma virus prime for dna replication?
Definition
RNA primers
Term
What is E1A in adenovirus needed for?
Definition
it's an early transcript needed for subsequent transcription; two transcripts are made from this gene
Term
what is E2B in adenovirus used for?
Definition
it's a DNA polymerase
Term
what is E2A in adenovirus used for?
Definition
it's a dna binding protein
Term
what are the early transcripts in adenovirus?
Definition
T antigens, E1A, E2B, E2A
Term
What adenovirus protein induces apoptosis? which one inhibits apoptosis?
Definition
E1A induces apoptosis; E1B inhibits apoptosis (Viruses turn ON E1B)
Term
T/F. E1B has two transcripts made from the gene
Definition
True
Term
E1A has functional domains. What are they? What are they involved in?
Definition
CR1 and CR2; involved in binding to the Rb family and P300 family
Term
What adenovirus protein parallels the function of HPV E7 protein? How does it do this?
Definition
E1A; E1A also re-activates Rb protein (after it had been inactivated by E2F) which allows for transcription to be activated again and the cell cycle to continue
Term
What adenovirus protein parallels the function of HPV E6 protein? How?
Definition
E1B; it lowers teh levels of p53 to allow for continuation of the cell cycle
Term
What kinds of proteins are involved in adsorption, penetration, and nuclear localization?
Definition
structural
Term
WHo first demonstrated RNA splicing?
Definition
ROberts, berk and sharp
Term
When are late viral genes transcribed?
Definition
after DNA synthesis
Term
See slide 10.26 about how RNA splicing work
Definition
Term
t/f Adenovirus has leftward and rightward transcription.
Definition
true
Term
How many late proteins does adenovirus have? What are they involved in?
Definition
Five; structural proteins
1. penton
2. core
3. hexon
4. non-virion
5. fiber
Term
Where does adenovirus replicate? What happens to this site
Definition
adenoids--they get enlarged; virus also replicated in the
Term
What is characteristic symptom of adenoid virus"?
Definition
a very red, very sore throat
Term
What causes acute hemorrhagic cystitis in males? what are the symptoms?
Definition
adenovirus; urinary bladder and ureter infection
Term
what is the adenovirus pathology?
Definition
enlarged adenoids, sore throat, pertussis-like acute resp. disease, pharyngoconjunctivial fever, folliculr conjunctivitis of eyelids, epidemic keratoconjunctivititis, acute hemorrhagic cystitis, gastrointestinal disease, respiratory diseases, pneumonia
Term
What group of people get infected w/ adenovirus 4, 7 and sometimes 3?
Definition
military recruits
Term
What is very rare, but possible, with adenovirus?
Definition
encephalitis
Term
Ad 7 is associated with what in infants and elderly?
Definition
pneumonia
Term
What is used to culture non-cultivatable genes?
Definition
Ad 5
Term
What cyptopathology is seen in adenovirus infected cells?
Definition
rounding, clustering and intranuclear inclusions
Term
How can intranuclear inclusions in adenovirus be seen?
Definition
Feulgen staining is positive to excess DNA
Term
What is one possible reason that tumor formation occurs in adenovirus infection?
Definition
If the virus is defective and integrates into chromosome (as it does in rodent chromosome)
Term
Which adenovirus can persist in tonsils and adenoids for years?
Definition
1, 2, and 5
Term
What is a cause for constant bacterial infection in the tonsils? How can this be treated?
Definition
Adenovirus infection suppressing the immune system; by taking out the tonsils
Term
Where does adenovirus occur? In who?
Definition
Worldwide in humans and animals
Term
Is adenovirus species specific or can it affect anything?
Definition
species specific
Term
What is the pattern of transmission of adenovirus?
Definition
Epidemic to sporadic; there is a fecal-oral aspect in day cares
Term
Why are symptoms for adenovirus confusing?
Definition
They are similar to other bacterial and viral infections i.e. pertussis, sars
Term
What is the treatment for adenovirus?
Definition
None currently; beta-interferons might work
Term
Is there a vaccine for adenovirus? What are some drawbacks?
Definition
There used to be one for Ad 3, 4, 7, 21 for the military but it was discontinued; spread through contact
Term
Which adenovirus subparticle inserts naked DNA into the host cell nucleus?
Definition
VU3
Term
Which adenovirus subparticle inserts whole through the nuclear pore?
Definition
VU4
Term
What is not used in grouping adenovirus?
Definition
Plants
Term
Is blood used in the clinical detection of adenovirus?
Definition
No!
Term
What in the virion structure is specific to only members of Adenoviridae?
Definition
fibers
Term
What viruses can cause keratoconjuntivitis?
Definition
adenovirus and herpesvirus
Term
1. Symptoms of adenovirus infection in humans include
Definition
a. Pink eye
b. Pertussis like presentation
c. Vesicle blisters on the tonsils
d. Lysis of adenoid tissue
e. A and B
f. C and D
Term
2. The most likely group of persons to be involved in adenovirus outbreaks is
Definition
a. College students
b. Nursing home patients
c. Military recruits
d. Apartment dwellers
Term
3. Which of the following is NOT an adsorption factor for phages?
Definition
a. Nutrients
b. Nonenveloped capsid
c. Ions
d. Phage adsorption structures
e. Cell wall receptor site
Term
4. Which of the following statements about parvoviruses is false?
Definition
a. Although parvovirus is dangerous for the fetus, it does not cause abortions in pregnant women
b. Viruses included in the parvoviridate family have a genome that contains inverted complementary sequences
c. There is no specific means of disease prevention or treatment
d. Parvovirus B19 causes a disease called slapped cheek syndrome
e. A characteristic symptom of a Parvoviridae family member of viruses is a biphasic rash after viremia
1
Term
5. Which of following is not a symptom of parvovirus?
Definition
a. Biphasic rash
b. Arthritis symptoms
c. Flat condylomas
d. Pyrexia
e. Headache
Term
6. Which of the following viruses is associated with an adenovirus which helps its replication?
Definition
a. Erythrovirus
b. Polyomavirus
c. Rhinovirus
d. Picornavirus
e. Dependovirus
Term
7. What is the cellular tropism of parvovirus B19?
Definition
a. Epidermal cells
b. Stomach epithelial cells
c. Erythroblasts
d. Respiratory exchange cells
e. Neurons
Term
8. What genera does not belong in the Parvoviridae family?
Definition
a. Dependovirus
b. Polyomavirus
c. Erythrovirus
d. Densovirus
e. Parvovirus
Term
9. Which of the following is NOT a usual symptom of parvovirus?
Definition
a. Itching
b. Rash
c. Arthritis symptoms
d. Fever
e. Small lesions
Term
10. Which of the following is NOT a route of infection for the parvovirus?
Definition
a. Blood transfusions
b. Genital tract
c. Transplacental
d. Respiratory tract
Term
11. Some viruses included in the parvovirus family
Definition
a. Have all of the characteristic listed
b. Have an E7 gene that encodes transforming proteins
c. Integrate into chromosome 19
d. Have an envelope
e. Cause polyomavirus infection
Term
12. Which of the following is false about the replication strategy of viruses in the parvoviridae family?
Definition
a. There is a sequence specific nick by a nonstructural protein in closed loop DNA
b. All of the following are involved in the replication strategy
c. Host DNA polymerase uses a 3’ hairpin as a primer
d. The viral DNA polymerase uses a special RNA primer for initiation of replication
e. There is re-initiation of DNA polymerase during a replication cycle
Term
nuetralization
Definition
binding of virus to antibody
Term
What kind of adenovirus does not complete its replication cycle in mammals?
Definition
avian adenovirus
Term
transfection
Definition
when naked DNA is infectious
Term
What are the three subfamilies of herpesviridae and their tropism?
Definition
Alphaherpesvirinae--nuerotropic
Betaherpesvirinae--salivary glad
Gammaherpesvirinae--lymphotropic
Term
What are teh genera in the subfamily alphaherpesvirinae?
Definition
simplexvirus, varicellavirus
Term
What are the viruses in Simplexvirus?
Definition
HSV1, HSV 2, B virus, BHV
Term
What are the viruses in Varicellavirus?
Definition
varicella zoster virus
Term
what are teh genera in the subfamily betaherpesvirinae?
Definition
cytomegalovirus, muromegalovirus, roseolovirus
Term
what are the genera in the subfamily gammaherpesvrinae?
Definition
lymphocryptovirus,
rhadinovirus
Term
What genus is Epstein Barr a part of?
Definition
lympocryptovirus
Term
what genus is saimiri-ateles a part of?
Definition
rhadinovirus
Term
What causes mono?
Definition
Epstein barr virus
Term
Is herpesvirus enveloped or naked? helical or icosohedral?
Definition
enveloped, icosahedral
Term
how many glycoproteins does herpes virus have?
Definition
nine
Term
how many structural proteins does herpes virus genome code for? how many does it actually have
Definition
120, 30
Term
What is the common family antigen of herpesvirus?
Definition
it doesn't have one
Term
what virus family has a tegument? what's the problem with this?
Definition
herpesvirus; it's amorphous
Term
what kind of symmetry does herpesvirus have?
Definition
2, 3 and 5 fold
Term
Where is the tegument of herpesvirus located?
Definition
between the envelope and nucleocapsid
Term
Is the genome of herpesvirus ds or ss? dna or rna? is the nucleic acid infectious?
Definition
dsDNA, infectious
Term
What is special about herpesvirus genome?
Definition
herpesvirus have unique and repeated DNA sequences that vary with different herpesviruses
Term
What is a possibility for replication in herpesvirus?
Definition
replication model is possibly by a rolling ciricle which generates head to tail concatemers
Term
What binds to heparin sulfate molecules on cell surface?
Definition
HSV, CMV
Term
How does penetration occur in herpesvirus?
Definition
directly or through endocytosis
Term
How does attachment occur in herpesvirus?
Definition
glycoprotein on viral envelope attachment or through fusion with cell plasma membrane
Term
Where does EBV bind on cell surface?
Definition
complement receptor to B lymphocytes
Term
Where does uncoating of herpes virus occur?
Definition
At nuclear pores-->this means that naked DNA is released into the nucleus
Term
What are the genes that transactivate subsequent viral promoters in herpesviruses?
Definition
IE1 and IE2
Term
What inhibits CMV through a antisense mechanism? How does it work?
Definition
Fomivirsen; it works by inhibiting IE2 protein synthesis
Term
Where does uncoating of herpes virus occur?
Definition
At nuclear pores-->this means that naked DNA is released into the nucleus
Term
What are the genes that transactivate subsequent viral promoters in herpesviruses?
Definition
IE1 and IE2
Term
What inhibits CMV through a antisense mechanism? How does it work?
Definition
Fomivirsen; it works by inhibiting IE2 protein synthesis
Term
What is the function of VHS in herpesvirus?
Definition
It destablizes and degrade host mRNA immediately
Term
What is alpha tiff in herpesvirus involved in?
Definition
turns on early genes in the viral DNA (transactivates)
Term
What are the beta genes in herpes virus involved in?
Definition
involved in DNA replication process
Term
What are the tegument proteins in herpesvirus?
Definition
alpha tiff and VHS
Term
What is the function of the gamma proteins in herpesvirus?
Definition
forming the virion structure of herpesvirus; they are structural proteins and glycoproteins
Term
When does DNA replication of herpesvirus occur?
Definition
four hours after infection; it's maximal at 6-8 hrs
Term
In what virus does limited RNA splicing occur?
Definition
herpesvirus
Term
Where is the envelope of herpesvirus acquired?
Definition
Inner nuclear membrane
Term
How are viruses released from herpesvirus infected cells?
Definition
reverse phagocytosis
Term
In what virus is latency a very common phenonmenon? Is the virus able to be permanently latent?
Definition
Herpesvirus; yes
Term
When does latency occur?
Definition
in persistently infected cells in whihc no infectious virus is formed because the multiplication cycle is stopped at some stage
Term
What can reactivate herpesvirus from latency? When they are reactivated, where do they replicate?
Definition
stress, UV light, chemicals; in different cells from where they first infected
Term
The CNS system gets involved with what viral infection?
Definition
hsv
Term
What are some things that allow for latency?
Definition
highly methylated DNA
Term
For what herpesvirus is DNA not integrated into the chromosome?
Definition
HSV
Term
What causes Burkitt's lymphoma? Is it episomal or integrated?
Definition
Epstein Barr; it can be either (burkitt's lymphoma is a type of cancer)
Term
What viruses are present in tumor cells such as cervical carcinoma?
Definition
herpesvirus, HPV
Term
See 11.20...
Definition
Term
HSV
Definition
cold sores, fever, rarely enceophalitis
occurs early in life
primary infection is 8-10 days
some genitalia infections by oral sex
latent infection is asymptomatic
viral DNA resides in sensory trigeminal ganglia
recurrent infections occur when virus replicates and travels down nerve fiber to infect epithelial cells
Term
HOw many branches are there in the trigeminal nerves? what are they?
Definition
3; mandibular nerve, maxillary nerve, opthalmic nerve
Term
HSV2
Definition
sexually transmitted, occasionally oral lesions
vesicular eruptions on genetalia of both sexes
laten infecion is by virla DNA residing in nerves of lower back (sacral plexus)
recurrent infections occur 5 or more times per year
pregnant women can transmit HSV2 to child during childbirth
Term
What is whitlow?
Definition
herpesvirus infection on fingers
Term
Which herpesvirus is more likely to have recurrent infections? 1 or 2?
Definition
2
Term
What is prodome?
Definition
Nonspecific systems
Term
What is acyclovir?
Definition
An antiviral that gets converted into something that stops viral replication DUE to HSV encoded thymidine kinase
Term
varicella zoster
Definition
spread by respiratory track even though it is in skin lesions
seasonal epidemics as chicken pox
systemic infection is a generalized vesicular rash
infection cycle is longer than HSV )2-2.5 weeks)
disease is more severe in adults
recurrent infection is called shingles which is localized to a specific nerve
Term
does viremia occur in varicella zoster?
Definition
yes
Term
Cytomegalovirus (beta virus)
Definition
infects and causes no obvious disease
pregnant women can abore fetus (about 70% carry virus with no problems)
transmission by saliva
virus is secreted in milk, saliva and semen
major problem in immunosuppressed patients
Term
What two viruses can cause abortion?
Definition
parvovirus and cytomegalovirus
Term
What virus can cause blindness?
Definition
CMV
Term
With what herpesvirus do you get atypical lymphocytes?
Definition
cmv, ebv
Term
what's the incubation period of cmv?
Definition
4-8 weeks
Term
Epstein Barr
Definition
primary infection causes mono
95% of people over 40 carry this virus
no symptoms in children, mono in adults
related with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Africa
causes burkitt's lymphoma (in AIDS patients)
Term
Where does burkitt's lymphoma occur?
Definition
nose
Term
Beta diseases of herpesvirus
Definition
HSV6, 7, CMV
Term
What may be connected with multiple sclerosis?
Definition
HSV 6
Term
What may be connected with Kaposi's sarcoma?
Definition
HSV 8
Term
What causes rush/roseola?
Definition
HSV 6
Term
What herpesvirus has no disease associated with it?
Definition
HSV 7
Term
Serologically, how can you ID EBV?
Definition
antibodies against EA protein, EBV nuclear antigen, virus capsid antigen
Term
what is ebv nuclear antigen involved in?
Definition
maintaining latency
Term
what is another name for HSV 6?
Definition
exanthem subitum/rush/roseola
Term
HSV 6
Definition
replication in salivary gland
maybe get viremia
rash
can spread to brain
problem with transplant recipients and aids patients
Term
When comparing HSV 6 and 7, what's different and same?
Definition
the core region is similar, other regulatory genes vary
Term
Between what two herpesvirus is a dual infection/cross reaction w/ proteins possible?
Definition
6 n 7
Term
on a cellular level, what happens to the nucleus in herpes infection?
Definition
enlarged, intensely staining
Term
For what herpes virus are the lesions various sizes? Do they happen all at once?
Definition
chickenpox; no
Term
for what virus do lesions occur on the tongue? why?
Definition
hsv1, transgeminal nerve goes there
Term
what skin disorder can complicate hsv1 symptoms, small pox and vaccinia?
Definition
eczema
Term
What virus can reoccur in the eye?
Definition
hsv
Term
Can hsv cause encephalitis?
Definition
yes
Term
What is the fatality rate for a baby with herpes?
Definition
50%
Term
what virus can cause aids patients to go blind?
Definition
cmv (retinitis)
Term
What is a tzank preparation stain for?
Definition
hsv1/2
Term
How many antigens does the family Poxviridae share?
Definition
One major one, others
Term
How many subfamilies are there in Poxviridae? What are they?
Definition
Chorodopoxvirinae, Entomopoxvirinae
Term
What are the EIGHT genera in Chordopoxvirinae? What are they type species?
Definition
Orthopoxvirus--Vaccinia virus
Parapoxvirus--orf virus
Avipoxvirus-fowlpox virus
Capripoxvirus--sheeppox virus
Leoripoxvirus--myxoma virus
suipoxvirus--swinepox virus
Molluscipox virus-molluscum contagiosum
Yatapoxvirus--yaba monkey tumor virus
Term
What are the genera in entomopoxvirinae? What are their type spcies?
Definition
Entomopoxvirus A-Melolontha entomopoxvirus
Entomopoxvirus B-amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus
Entomopoxvirus C-chrionomus luridus entomopoxvirus
Term
What is special about entomopoxvirinae?
Definition
The nucleocapsid is occuluded by spheroidin protein that serves to protect the nucleocapsid in the environment. The spheroidin gene varies by species?
Term
How many lateral bodies does poxvirus have?
Definition
one, two or indistinct number
Term
What is spheroidin? What does it do?
Definition
an occulusion body in entomopoxvirus that serves to protect nucleocapsid from environment
Term
Where does poxvirus replicate? What does this mean in terms of what the virions carry?
Definition
Cytoplasm. The virion includes many enzymes including a transcriptase
Term
How many proteins does the poxvirus virion have?
Definition
100 structural, 100 non-structural
Term
Describe the components of the poxvirus virion structure.
Definition
Core, lateral body, pallisade layer, core fibers, surface tubules, core fibrils
Term
Does pox virus has ssDNA or dsDNA?
Definition
dsDNA
Term
Are POXviruses large or small?
Definition
LARGE
Term
Where do poxvirus attach to? By what do they attach?
Definition
attach to epidermal growth factor by VGF protein
Term
How does penetration occur in poxvirus?
Definition
receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
When does DNA synthesis occur in poxvirus? How long is morphogenesis?
Definition
by four to five hours after infection; a day
Term
How does release occur in poxvirus?
Definition
when cell disintegrates or exocytosis
Term
Do pox viruses have an envelope?
Definition
yes
Term
Where do pox virus get their envelope?
Definition
some get it at the golgi
Term
What proteins in poxvirus have to be expressed before the virion can be fully uncoated in the cytoplasm?
Definition
immediate early mRNA proteins
Term
What proteins in poxvirus are expressed after immediate early mRNA proteins and what is their function?
Definition
delayed early mRNA proteins are involved in DNA replication membrane biogenesis
Term
What does uncoating of the poxvirus core require?
Definition
a virion RNA polymerase to transcribe the vaccinia DNA
Term
What amount of DNA is transcribed as early genes in the core before DNA synthesis in poxvirus?
Definition
1/3
Term
How are cytoplasmic factoriess for virus mulitiplication and MOI related in poxvirus?
Definition
they're proportional
Term
What are cytoplasmic factories for?
Definition
DNA replication
Term
What does poxvirus bring in that's needed for uncoating? (iow, what's in the virion)
Definition
virion RNA polymerase
Term
When are late genes transcribed in poxvirus? How many genomes are synthesized per cell in poxvirus?
Definition
after DNA synthesis; 10k
Term
What viruses generate concatamers?
Definition
herpesvirus, poxvirus
Term
What viruses have inverted repeats?
Definition
adenovirus, parvovirus, poxvirus
Term
What about DNA replication in POXvirus is unique?
Definition
the DNA termini are covalently linked! they have either a S or F configuration that are almost identical and the termini have inverted repeats within.
Term
how are concatemers linked in poxvirus?
Definition
a nick polymerize flop mechanism
Term
Is the vaccina viral DNA long or short?
Definition
Long
Term
What's an example of an abnormal linkage in Vaccinia viral DNA?
Definition
5' T and 3' T that are covalently linked
Term
What size are the tandem repeats in vaccinia viral dna?
Definition
about 70 bp
Term
When purified poxvirus dna is denatured, what do you get?
Definition
a single stranded huge dna molecule
Term
How is poxvirus DNA replication similar to parvovirus?
Definition
nicking and extension by forming back concatamers that'll have to be cut
Term
How is poxvirus DNA replication similar to adenovirus?
Definition
a ds stranded molecule and a ss molecule is made (priming on ssdna as well)
Term
How is pox virus DNA replication started?
Definition
First the termini are denatured and then a SINGLE STRAND SPECIFIC NUCLEASE will cleave the ends
Term
Poxvirus DNA replication has similarities to what two other viruses?
Definition
adenovirus and parvovirus
Term
Aside from the DNA, core and envelope, what is a part of the poxvirus virion?
Definition
RNA polymerase
transcription factor
capping enzyme
poly (A) polymerase
Term
What do early mRNA in poxvirus code for?
Definition
Growth factors to help cells proliferate, immune defense molecules, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, nuclear factors
Term
Where does poxvirus replicate and uncoat?
Definition
the cytoplasm
Term
What "late" proteins become a part of the poxvirus virion?
Definition
late enzymes, early transcription factors, structural proteins
Term
define concatameric DNA
Definition
multiple copies head to tail end of DNA that need to be cut and resolved
Term
How is the envelope for poxvirus obtained?
Definition
wrapping in the Golgi apparatus
Term
See 12.19/20
Definition
Term
What two viruses have complications when combined with eczema?
Definition
herpesvirus and vaccinia
Term
What is variola major?
Definition
a generalized infection with pustular rash of same size and time of apperance on the body
Term
what is the mortality rate of variola major? variola minor? monkeypox?
Definition
10-25%, 1%; 15%
Term
What's a drawback of vaccinia vaccination?
Definition
it can cause disease; i.e. encephalitis
Term
What is cowpox?
Definition
localized ulcerating infection of skin from cows or cats
Term
What are milker's nodes?
Definition
trivial localized nodular infection of hands acquired from cows
Term
Who inocculated people early on?
Definition
guy named Jenner
Term
What is the physical repuercussion of the small pox vaccine?
Definition
scabbing
Term
What is unfortunate about the scab formed by pox vaccination?
Definition
There are viable virions in the scab
Term
For what virus can one auto-inoculate?
Definition
Smallpox
Term
T/F. are there antivirals that can be used against vaccinia?
Definition
true
Term
What is vaccinia necrosom?
Definition
a secondary bacterial infection that spreads when one has the pox
Term
Why can't children be around people who have recently gotten vaccinated or had pox?
Definition
It can spread to them and they don't react very well
Term
What is vaccinia progressive?
Definition
when someone (i.e. infant) is unable to mount an effective immune response
Term
When did the global eradication of smallpox begin?
Definition
1967
Term
What is molluscum contagiosum?
Definition
a disease that presents with single or multiple benign rounded, dome shaped waxy papules in skin that can be sexually transmitted and confined to the penis, pubic and inner thighs
Term
What is the treatment for molluscum contagiosum?
Definition
liquid nitrogen
Term
In what group is infection with molluscum contagiosum common?
Definition
AIDS patients and daycares
Term
what virus family causes molluscum contagiosum?
Definition
poxviridae
Term
What can be said about molluscum contagiosum lesions?
Definition
they can be infectioius
Term
Where do molluscum contagiosum lesions occur?
Definition
face and neck
Term
What body liquid can transmit molluscum contagiousum?
Definition
saliva
Term
What is typical of small pox vesicles?
Definition
indentation, evenly and widely distributed, arrive all at once
Term
Why did milk-maids rarely get disfigured due to small pox?
Definition
They would get milker's nodule from cows and have a level of resistance to smallpox
Term
What are the dsDNA viruses that are pathogenic to insects?
Definition
baculoviridae, iridoviridae, poxviridae, ascoviridae, polydnaviridae
Term
What dsDNA viruses are specific to insects?
Definition
ascoviridae, polydnaviridae
Term
what ssDNA virus is pathogenic to insects?
Definition
parvoviridae
Term
What are the dsRNA viruses pathogenic to insects?
Definition
reoviridae, birnaviridae
Term
What are the positive strang ssRNA viruses that are pathogenic to insects?
Definition
picornaviridae, tetraviridae, nodaviridae
Term
What negative ssRNA virus is pathogenic to insects?
Definition
Rhabdoviridae
Term
What virus is used as a biological pesticide?
Definition
baculovirus
Term
What virus is genetically engineered to produce large quantities of inserted gene products?
Definition
baculovirus
Term
In baculovirus, what protein surrounds and protects the nucleocapsid?
Definition
polyhedrin
Term
Is baculovirus nucleic acid ds/ss, rna/dna? envelope or no?
Definition
dsDNA, enveloped
Term
At what pH is baculovirus soluble in insect gut?
Definition
10
Term
In baculovirus, what surrounds the nucleocapsid?
Definition
a protein matrix (occlusion body)
Term
What two viruses have covalently closed DNA?
Definition
baculovirus and poxvirus
Term
What two viruses have a tegument?
Definition
baculovirus, herpesvirus
Term
What virus has multiple layers in its envelope?
Definition
baculovirus
Term
What are the genera in baculovirus?
Definition
nucleopolyhedrovirus, granulovrisu
Term
In the genus nucleopolyhedrovirus, how many enveloped nucleocapsids are there per occulsion body? in granulovirus?
Definition
multiple; one
Term
What does single NPV mean?
Definition
one nucleocapsid per envelope
Term
What does multiple NPV mean?
Definition
various numbers of nucleocapsids per envelope
Term
The genus nucleopolyhedrovirus can be divided into what two groups?
Definition
single npv and multiple npv
Term
When was smallpox eradicated worldwide?
Definition
1977
Term
How is baculovirus purified?
Definition
using a sucrose gradient
Term
What is the process for baculovirus purification?
Definition
crush up bug,put on sucrose gradient, take out the polyhedra band and run it on a different sucrose gradient after treating it w/ alkali.
Term
What do the number of bands on a sucrose gradient mean for baculovirus?
Definition
the band correspond to the various #s of enveloped nucleocapsids purified from MNPV
Term
Since when have baculovirus been known?
Definition
1500s by a guy named Vita who talked about diseases of silkworm; Pastuer also did some work with it
Term
In the 50s, in the US, what were baculovirus used for?
Definition
More effective than DDT to kill some bug on pine tree
Term
Have there been commercial application of baculovirus in Fl?
Definition
Not widely
Term
Is there a commercial component to using viruses pathogenic to insects? what's the problem with this?
Definition
yes; lowering the cost/giving good yield to stockholders vs. cheap pesticides
Term
in what continent have viruses been used more effective commercially? since when?
Definition
south america, 1979
Term
In what crop have baculovirus increased yield versus the yield with a chemical treatment?
Definition
soybean
Term
What are some considerations for chemicals and viruses in commercial use?
Definition
i.e. does it affect something else? for example, diflubenzole kills insects effectively but also shrimp because it breaks down chitin
Term
Which virus has two forms? What are these two forms?
Definition
Baculovirus; non-occluded and occuluded
Term
Around what time does polyhedra formation occur in baculovirus?
Definition
24 to 48 hours
Term
What purpose does polyhedra formation have? (iow, why have this occulded form)
Definition
vector the virus between insects and the environments; occulsion protects against sunlight and rain
Term
What's the difference between the occluded and non occluded form?
Definition
the occluded form has polyhedra
Term
Where do granulovirus release dna? IOW: how does uncoating work for these?
Definition
at nuclear pore
Term
where do nucleopolyhedrovirus release dna?IOW: how does uncoating work for these?
Definition
inside the nucleus
Term
What receptors do the non-occulded baculovirus glycoproteins attach to?
Definition
unknown
Term
where does both granulovirus and nucleopolyhedrovirus replicate?
Definition
in nucleus of insect cell
Term
how does penetration occur in baculovirus?
Definition
receptor mediated endocytosis or fusion
Term
Early genes in baculovirus do what?
Definition
transactivate late genes
Term
What do late genes in baculovirus code for?
Definition
structural proteins
Term
What are the different ways in which the envelopes are acquired in baculovirus?
Definition
de novo
peri-nuclear (this membrane MAY be lost in cytoplasm)
plasma membrane
Term
How does the enveloped nuclear capsid of baculovirus interact w/ intestinal microvilli in insect gut?
Definition
fusion of ENC to microvilli membrane
Term
Where does nucleocapsid formation occur in baculovirus?
Definition
nucleus
Term
For what virus, does the virion sometimes get stuck in teh nucleus?
Definition
baculovirus
Term
Is polyhedron an early or late gene?
Definition
very late gene
Term
what is gp64?
Definition
glycoprotein of non-occluded virus
Term
What baculovirus transcription factor bind to host RNA polymerase II?
Definition
IE1
Term
What's the only virus discussed that shows de novo assembly of envelope?
Definition
envelope acquisition
Term
how can the virulence/titer of infectious baculovirus be deteremined?
Definition
plaque assay
end point dilution
bioassay

SN: These are general for most viruses
Term
What kind of plaque does baculovirus give?
Definition
positive
Term
Why can bioassays be done for baculovirus?
Definition
because insercts are invertebrates
Term
How is end point dilution measured?
Definition
by the mean of the tissue culture infectious dose; the viral inoculum are added to microtiter wells and after a week, check the cells that are infected
Term
see slide 13/21
Definition
Term
What is the most used expression vector?
Definition
baculoviruses
Term
What gene has been genetically engineered?
Definition
polyhedrin
Term
What happens when you mutate polyhedrin?
Definition
get infectious non occluded viruses; iow: not needed for replication cycle and can be replaced w/ another gene
Term
How can polyhedrin be replced?
Definition
site directed mutogenesis
Term
Steps of site directed mutogenesis
Definition
1. Clone a gene into a plasmid
2. Cut the cloned DNA w/ restriction enzyme at one site so an exconuclease (exo 3) to get a blunt ended molecule
3. Ligase
4. put back into bacteria
5. purify
6. other experiments (i.e. mix w/ viral genome for recombination)
Term
What's a cytopathic effect of baculovirus?
Definition
enlarged nucleus, smaller cytoplasm, polyhedra in nucleus
Term
What virus has phosphoproteins?
Definition
baculovirus
Term
cells infected with baculovirus can be labeled with what?
Definition
radioactive methionine
Term
The amount of baculovirus specific protein being made in the cell varies with what two factors?
Definition
time and MOI
Term
T/F. Polyhedrin is not needed for baculovirus replication
Definition
true
Term
What size is one of the major glycoproteins? Why is it special?
Definition
6kD; labeled with three different precursers
Term
rev endn of baculo
Definition
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