Term
| What are the names for the two strains/types of filoviruses? |
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Definition
| Marburg virus & Ebola virus |
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Term
| How do these two strains(Marburg/Ebola) differ from one another in morphology? |
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Definition
| Ebola can be long and filamentous, Marburg tends to be shorter |
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Term
| How do these two strains(Marburg/Ebola) differ from one another in genome? |
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Definition
a. Ebola makes 8
b. Marburg makes 7 |
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Term
| How many strands of RNA are found in a filovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are filoviruses the same as Rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses (generally)? |
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Definition
a. Negative strand RNA
b. Enveloped |
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Term
| How many proteins are transcribed from the filovirus genome? (does this differ between the two types)? |
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Definition
a. 7 proteins-Marburg
b. 8 proteins Ebola b/c of extra 1 nonstructural protein |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the host receptor? Is it known? |
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Definition
| a. No it is not known but we know that the glycoprotein attaches |
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Term
| What is the role of VP35 in Ebola/Marburg? |
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Definition
| a. Inhibits IFN production |
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Term
| What is the role of VP40 in Ebola/Marburg? |
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Definition
| a. Necessary for capsid assembly and budding |
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Term
| What is the difference between GP and sGP? |
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Definition
| a. Sgp DECOY FOR THE IMMUNSE SYSTEM to absorb neutralizing and inhibit activation |
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Term
| Where in the cell does filovirus replicate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which strain of filovirus was “discovered” first, Marburg or Ebola? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the hypothesized host for Marburg and Ebola? |
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Definition
| a. Marburg/Ebola- fruit bats |
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Term
| Is the transmission from those hosts to humans for Marburg and Ebola the same??? |
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Definition
| a. No, Ebola transmission is more person to person contact that involves blood, secretions, organs or semen of infected people |
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Term
| How is ebola transmitted? |
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Definition
a. Direct contact with blood, secretions, organs and semen of infected people
b. Unsterilized needles
c. hospitalization |
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Term
| Which is more deadly, ebola or Marburg? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there a vaccine for ebola? Why or why not? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do filoviruses differ from Rhabdoviruses and Paramyxoviruses (generally)? |
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Definition
| Gene overlap, secretory glycoprotein, filamentous, Paramyxo has a fusion protein |
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Term
| What unique mechanism is used to “fit” that many genes onto one RNA strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| What filovirus protein is used for absorption onto host cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| For negative strand RNA viruses, is the genome infectious on its own? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must be packaged along with the RNA genome for negative stranded RNA viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, is the genome for negative stranded RNA viruses larger or smaller than for positive stranded RNA viruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What must negative stranded RNA viruses do first once they have entered a host cell? |
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Definition
| Transcription into (+) sense mRNA |
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Term
| Do all negative stranded RNA viruses have an envelope? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many segments of RNA are in the genome for Rhabdoviruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many genes are encoded by the genome of Rhabdoviruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the general shape for rhabdoviruses? |
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Definition
| Rod shaped w/ helical nucleocapsids |
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Term
| What protein “protects” the RNA? |
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Definition
| N protein, nucleoprotein important for temporal control as well |
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Term
| What is the role of the G protein? |
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Definition
| Attachment and entry into the cell |
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Term
| What is the role of the L protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does replication occur in the host cell for Rhabdoviruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates the switch from transcription to replication for Rhabdoviruses? |
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Definition
| High Levels of N protein; the ratio of leader RNA to N protein |
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Term
| How is rabies transmitted? |
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Definition
| by the bite of a rabid animal or via the introduction of the saliva of a rabid animal into a fresh (less than 24 hours old) wound. |
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Term
| What is the main animal that transmits in Africa/Asia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main animal that transmits rabies in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is the incubation period generally for rabies in humans? Why is this “helpful”? |
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Definition
| 5 days to 2 years, time to help the person get the vaccine, and help them get antibodies |
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Term
| What are the two “types” of rabies in humans? |
|
Definition
a. Encephalitic
i. More common/ furious
b. Paralytic/Dumb
i. Only 20% of cases
ii. Fatal outcome |
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Term
| How many segments of RNA are found in paramyxoviruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the general shape of paramyxoviruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many genes does the genome of paramyxoviruses encode? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many different protein spikes are found in paramyxoviruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are there two separate H and N proteins in paramyxoviruses? |
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Definition
| HN - haemagglutinin + neuraminidase activities |
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Term
| What does the F protein do? |
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Definition
| responsible for cell fusion + haemolytic function |
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Term
| What is hemaglutination? What is the function of hemagglutinin for the virus? |
|
Definition
contain proteins which bind to erythrocytes (red blood cells) causing them to clump together
b. the attachment of viral particles by their receptor sites to more than 1 cell.
c. As more and more cells become attached in this manner agglutination becomes visible |
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Term
| What is function of neuramidase for the virus? |
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Definition
a. Destroys sialic acid/neuraminic acid
Involved in viral exit from host cells |
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Term
| What is the receptor for paramyxoviruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What main illness does parainfluenza cause? |
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Definition
| Parainfluenza viruses cause mild or severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections |
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Term
| How is parainfluenza transmitted? |
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Definition
| Transmission is by droplets or direct contact. The virus disseminates locally in the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa. |
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Term
| How is measles transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does measles directly kill its host? |
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Definition
| No, death comes from complications |
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Term
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Definition
| Small white spots on the inside of the mouth that typically occur before the rash of measles, diagnostic to help control spread |
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Term
| What are some major complications of a measles case? |
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Definition
| Secondary infections such as pneumonia and earaches |
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Term
| What tissue does mumps generally affect? |
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Definition
| Paratoid glands, salivary glands |
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Term
| How is mumps transmitted? |
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Definition
| Inhalation of infected droplets |
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Term
| For Henipaviruses, why are they grouped with paramyxoviruses and not Rhabdoviruses? |
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Definition
| B/C it has a fusion protein |
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Term
| How are henipaviruses transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many genes are coded for in the genome of henipaviruses? |
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Definition
a. 6
i. N - nucleocapsid
ii. P - phosphoproteins
iii. M - matrix protein
iv. F - fusion protein
v. G - glycoprotein (mediates attachment)
vi. L - Large polymerase |
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Term
| Do henipaviruses have an HN protein? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Do henipaviruses have an F protein? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do henipaviruses have a G protein? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What innate immune system factor do henipaviruses disable? |
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Definition
| IFN pathways of infected cells |
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