Term
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Definition
| Any nucleic acid-possessing infectious agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses are able to pass through filters capable of removing this kind of entities |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused several major epidemics in the early to late 19th century, and was later eradicated by vaccination techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary round of replication for small pox is in the |
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Term
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Definition
| The lesions seen on the skin from a smallpox infection also appear on the patient's |
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Term
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Definition
| How many rounds of replication does rubeola undergo? |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of a virus is Human Papillomavirus (HPV) |
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Term
| HHV-6 (Human Herpes Virus-6) |
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Definition
| Most people are infected with a latent and asymptomatic form of what virus? |
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Term
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Definition
| These cause most common colds |
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Term
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Definition
| The first part of an adenovirus to attach to host cells during an infection |
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Term
| Noncellular, very small, dependent on cellular entities |
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Definition
| Name 3 qualities that define what a virus is |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of genome does Tobacco Mosaic Virus have? |
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Term
| It is "sense" or mRNA-like RNA; the host cell's translation machinery can immediately "jump on" (+)ssRNA and begin creating viral proteins as soon as the virus enters the cell |
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Definition
| What is the significance of (+)ssRNA? |
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Term
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Definition
| How are the capsids in TMV arranged? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is one interesting feature of TMV that you will NEVER see in lipid-bilayer-coated viruses? |
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Term
| Poliovirus and rhinovirus |
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Definition
| Name two types of picornaviruses (two "species") |
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Term
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Definition
| What are viroids composed of? |
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses contain what two things? |
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Term
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Definition
| These are made almost exclusively of protein |
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Term
| RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase |
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Definition
| (+)ssRNA viruses typically code for, but do not contain, what enzyme? |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of growth is seen in virus replication? |
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Term
1) Viruses have greater host cell dependence and
2) viruses do not undergo morphological differentiation |
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Definition
| Name two differences between viruses and chlamydiae/rickettsiae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are viruses, as a general rule, capable of culturing on growth medium alone? |
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Term
| Helps to cut and hack through mucus as well as escaping host cells or incompatible hosts; sialic acid is the compound. |
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Definition
| What is the significance of neuraminidase and what compound does it specifically cleave? |
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Term
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Definition
| What virus packages neuraminidase? |
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Term
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Definition
| This enzyme degrades peptidoglycan, and is used to bore a hole into and out of a bacterial cell |
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Term
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Definition
| What is another name for RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Name two examples of viruses with a helical capsid structure |
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Term
| Bacteriophage and yeast viruses |
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Definition
| Give two examples of viruses with a binal capsid structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Name one kind of virus with a complex capsid structure |
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Term
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Definition
| What group of viruses does influenza belong to? |
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Term
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Definition
| This recognizes the 5' cap of cellular mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| This is better known as RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase |
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Term
| By cutting off the 5' caps from all non-viral mRNA or by cleaving eIF-4G (which recognizes the 5' cap) |
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Definition
| How does influenza control transcription so that host translation machinery is used exclusively for viral protein synthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is another name for influenza's method of protein synthesis control? |
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Term
| Genetic material inside of lipid bilayer, peplomer/splike glucoprotein, genomes up to 34kBP, (+)ssRNA, helical capsid structure |
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Definition
| Name a few characteristics of bovine coronavirus |
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Term
| 60 copies each of VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 |
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Definition
| Picornaviruses use how many copies of what protein to make their capsid? |
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Term
| 2-fold, 3-fold, and 5-fold |
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Definition
| What are the three kinds of symmetry that an icosahedral capsid will display |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of viruses have their first round of replication in the intestine? |
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Term
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Definition
| Rather than being spherical, what kind of shape is the HIV capsid? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which HIV glycoprotein is a target for possible vaccination? |
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Term
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Definition
| This HIV glycoprotein can deactivate T cells when dissolved in a solution and not even attached to the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of this HIV capsule protein indicates viral reproduction rate |
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Term
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Definition
| These are the two main envelope proteins of HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| This kind of viral structure can be broken up into a "head" section and a "tail" section |
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Term
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Definition
| How are capsids held together? |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA and nucleocapsid proteins compose the what? |
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Term
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Definition
| This helps viral genome packaging during assembly in viruses with binal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of test can be used to determine whether a virus is naked or enveloped? |
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Term
| Because ether inactivates enveloped viruses |
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Definition
| What property of ether makes it suitable to test for naked vs. enveloped viruses? |
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Term
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Definition
| This virus causes host cells to discharge ions and water, which causes watery excrement |
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Term
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Definition
| This virus creates a pseudo-membrane of dead cells in the upper respiratory tract that must be peeled off to prevent host organism asphyxiation |
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Term
| Super-infection/co-infection |
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Definition
| This refers to infection of a single (usually bacterial) cell by multiple virus particles simultaneously |
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Term
| 35S - protein, and 32P - DNA |
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Definition
| What elements were used to label what in the Hershey and Chase experiment? |
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Term
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Definition
| What causes the plaques to form on a bacterial lawn? |
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Term
| They may engage in self-assembly |
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Definition
| Name one of the primary novel properties of capsids/capsid proteins? |
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Term
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Definition
| This protein forms the matrix on the underside of the cell membrane/envelope in orthomyxoviruses |
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Term
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Definition
| This protein forms ion channels in the cell membrane |
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Term
Capsid structure
presence/absence of envelope
identity of host
outcome of infection
genome structure |
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Definition
| How are viruses classified? |
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Term
| The host cell pumping protons into the endosome that contains the virus |
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Definition
| What defensive action does the cell take that actually HELPS the virus inside of a cellular endosome? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is another name for packaging and release of progeny viruses? |
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Term
| Incompatible surface proteins |
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Definition
| What is the likely cause of a virus being unable to even latently infect a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Which round of replication causes the real medical problems? |
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Term
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Definition
| How would you determine if a virus was chronic or acute, on an in vitro level? |
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Term
| Introduce a flourescent antibody for viral protein |
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Definition
| How would you determine if a virus was latent, on an in vitro level, assuming SOME viral proteins are manufactured? |
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Term
| Perform PCR and look for viral DNA |
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Definition
| How would you determine if a virus was latent, on an in vitro level, if NO viral proteins are produced |
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Term
| Plaque assay - MUST start with a single virus particle |
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Definition
| How can a large batch of CLONAL, high-titer virus be prepared? |
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Term
Size
Ability to culture on artificial media
Profiles of growth
Ability to self-replicate |
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Definition
| Name some differences between viruses and cellular entities |
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Term
1) Attachment
2) Penetration
3) Uncoating
4) Synthesis
5) Packaging and release |
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Definition
| Name the five basic steps of virus replication |
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Term
| By directly fusing with the cellular membrane and depositing the capsid (containing viral genome) directly inside the cell |
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Definition
| How might an enveloped virus invade a host cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe de novo RNA production |
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Term
1) Change of pH within endosome due to proton pumping or addition of contents of lysosome
2) Change in capsid conformation during binding of virion to cell-surface receptors
3) Cytoplasmic proteases |
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Definition
| Uncoating may result from: (3 things) |
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Term
| Haploid, with the exception of retroviruses |
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Definition
| Are viruses haploid or diploid? |
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Term
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Definition
| Term for strands of RNA that contain both the (+) and (-) sequences |
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Term
Class I: dsDNA
Class IIa: (+)ssDNA
Class IIb: (-)ssDNA
Class III: dsRNA
Class IV: (+)ssRNA
Class V: (-)ssRNA
Class VI: (+)ssRNA, dsDNA intermediate
Class VII; dsDNA, ssRNA intermediate |
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Definition
| Give all the classes in the Baltimore classification scheme (There are 8) |
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Term
| Releases progeny at the end bound to a wall |
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Definition
| What does HIV do to increase the likelihood of subsequent infection to other cells when the host cell is bound to a wall? |
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Term
| Free virus particles and infected cells (though thousands of particles may be inside the cell, it only counts as one until it lyses) |
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Definition
| What makes up the number of infectious centers? |
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Term
Incubate for a short time
Lyse the cells
Precipitate proteins
Perform electrophoresis |
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Definition
| How might you determine if an infection was lytic (acute) on an in vitro basis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of assay is used for a transforming virus? |
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Term
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Definition
| To prevent viral particles from drifting and infecting all cells on a monolayer, what kind of growth medium is used? |
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Term
Average the wells in good statistical range
Multiply by 10^x for 10^-x concentration
Multiply by reciprocal of volume of viral solution (mL) |
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Definition
| How would you enumerate virus particles using animal cell monolayers? |
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Term
| Indirect: virus-specific AB binds to viral antigen (usually mouse AB), and anti-mouse flourescent AB is introduced, which binds only to bound mouse MAB |
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Definition
| Which method of flourescent antibodies as means of detecting infected cells is less expensive, and how does it work? |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of infection does not bring about progeny virus particles? |
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Term
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Definition
| HSV-1 is lytic in what kind of tissues? |
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Term
| Presence of pus indicates a bacterial infection |
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Definition
| What is one way to tell if an epithelial infection is bacterial, instead of viral? |
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of killing even healthy people within a day |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of what cytopathic effect is fairly conclusive in determining rabies infection? |
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Term
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Definition
| When does RNA (viral) recombination often take place? |
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Term
Killed virus - killed virus particles
Live attenuated virus - viruses are capable of replication, but mutated as to no longer cause disease
Subunit - entire virus not given, only subunits
Recombinant - parts of other virus's genomes are spliced into the virus genome to induce immunity from other viruses as well |
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Definition
| What are the main types of viruses used in vaccinations? |
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Term
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Definition
| Picornaviruses are capable of replicating at the |
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Term
| They interact with both the cytoplasmic tail of HA and NA and with helical nucleocapsids to drive budding. |
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Definition
| How do matrix proteins contribute to assembly of enveloped viruses? |
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Term
| By either cleaving eIF-4G (recognizes the 5' cap) or inhibiting eIF-4E (binds directly to the 5' cap) |
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Definition
| How do picornaviruses control translation inside the host cell? |
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Term
1. Infect cell monolayers with virus.
2. Pulse cells with 35S-methionine.
3. Incubate for brief interval.
4. Remove labeled medium, rinse cells with unlabeled medium, add appropriate volume of unlabeled medium and incubate the dishes.
5. At selected time points, harvest cells from dishes, precipitate and electrophoretically characterize viral proteins. |
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Definition
| Describe the pulse-chase experiment |
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Term
| Since cells can be periodically "snapshotted" after they have been simultaneously infected, radioactive stains of either RNA or proteins can be seen that were made at the same time, so development is at the same stage when the sample is taken. Taking electron microscope shots would reveal both where the proteins had move to, as well as how/if their complexity had changed. |
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Definition
| How can the pulse-chase experiment be used to track RNA or protein maturation? |
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Term
Size and genome structure are the main factors.
Obviously, large viruses will not be able to make it into the nuclear envelope and will stay in the cytoplasm to replicate.
Genome - if a virus contains a DNA genome and does not carry the necessary polymerases, it MUST travel to the nucleus in order to access the cell's polymerases and replicate.
The location of certain intracellular receptors can also play a role, and the virus may have mechanisms that force it to release its genome in/at a certain part of the cell. |
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Definition
| What determines location of virus assembly within a host cell and why? |
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Term
| Flourescent antibodies specific to the viral genome (either direct or indirect work) |
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Definition
| Name a way that a researcher can distinguish between cellular and viral macromolecules |
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Term
1) Blocking cellular transcription by containing complementary antisense DNA sequences
2) By blocking noncoding regions of the viral genome |
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Definition
| How might a virus use an ambisense genome? |
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Term
Penetration and uncoating occur simultaneously with bacteriophages
In animal cells, penetration either occurs by cellular phagocytosis (nonenveloped viruses) or by fusing with the membrane (enveloped) and uncoating occurs during the destruction of the capsid (whether by proteases/pH change or by conformational changes to release the genome) |
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Definition
| How do penetration and uncoating differ between bacterial and animal viruses? |
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Term
| The machinery necessary for virion (genome) production. |
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Definition
| What kind of early gene expression would you expect from a DNA virus? |
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Term
| Structural proteins, capsid proteins, matrix proteins, etc. |
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Definition
| What kind of late gene expression would you expect to see from DNA viruses? |
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Term
1. Phage mixed with suspension of bacteria
2) After brief incubation, phage/bacteria mixture is diluted 50-fold to prevent further absorption
3. Infected culture is incubated
4. Immediately after infection, there is an eclipse period during which no free phage can be identified, but infectious centers exist
5) After latent period of 30 minutes, sudden 70-fold increase in PFUs occurs |
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Definition
| Describe a one step growth experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of antibodies do live attenuated vaccines result in? |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of antibodies go killed virus vaccine result in? |
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