Term
| What is the most important pig disease in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does PRRS take to clear? |
|
Definition
Up to 7 months
Usually 2 months |
|
|
Term
| What genus does PRRS belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification properties of PRRS? |
|
Definition
Enveloped
Single-strand
RNA |
|
|
Term
| How many genotypes of PRRS are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is PRRS labile or stable in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What temperature and pH is PRRS stable at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All body secretions and fluids are infectious |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of PRRS? |
|
Definition
Epidemic - all ages, respiratory disease, reproductive failure
Endemic - breeding herd immune, respiratory disease in young |
|
|
Term
| What kind of abortions does PRRS cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does respiratory disease caused by PRRS predispose to? |
|
Definition
| Secondary bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Where does PRRS replicate? |
|
Definition
| Mature/activated macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What are the samples of choice for PRRS? |
|
Definition
Fetuses - thoracic fluid, thymus
Older pigs - pooled sera, lung, LN, tonsil, spleen |
|
|
Term
| How quickly does immunity occur in PRRS? |
|
Definition
Non-neutralizing Ab 7-10d
Neutralizing Ab in 4w |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs does PCV2 (PMWS) cause? |
|
Definition
| Chronic wasting in 2-4mo pigs |
|
|
Term
| What is the genus and family of PCV2? |
|
Definition
Family circoviridae
Gensu circovirus |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of PCV2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is PCV2 labile in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are pigs infected with PCV2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many genotypes of PCV2 are there? |
|
Definition
2
Type 1 - avirulent
Type 2 - virulent (2a and 2b) |
|
|
Term
| What is the host and reservoir of PCV2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of PCV2? |
|
Definition
Pneumonia
Chronic enteritis
Dermatitis and nephropathy
Reproductive failure |
|
|
Term
| How high is the mortality of PCV2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the microscopic lesions of PCV2? |
|
Definition
Lymphoid depletion
Macrophage infiltration
Multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
Term
| What is proposed to be important in the pathogenesis of PCV2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropopathy syndrome? |
|
Definition
UNKNOWN (PCV2)
Disappeared with vaccination |
|
|
Term
| What kind of abortions does PCV2 cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the genus and family of swine influenza? |
|
Definition
Genus - Influenzavirus
Family - Orthomyxoviridae |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of swine influenza? |
|
Definition
Single strand
Enveloped
RNA
Segmented genome |
|
|
Term
| How many segments does influenzavirus A have? |
|
Definition
| 8 - allows for reassortment |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of hemagglutinin in influenza? |
|
Definition
Necessary for penetration
Neutralizing Ab
16 different HA proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of neuraminidase in influenzavirus? |
|
Definition
Helps virus progeny escape cells
9 different NA proteins
Non-neutralizing Ab |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important reservoir of avian influenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)? |
|
Definition
H5 or H7
Kill 75% of 4-8wk chicks within 10d |
|
|
Term
| Is direct bird-human transmission of influenza possible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do new human pandemic strains of influenza occur? |
|
Definition
Bird to human txmsn (not universally accepted)
Antigenic shift
(Drift does NOT result in pandemics!) |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of pigs in influenza? |
|
Definition
Humans not susceptible to avian influenza
Pigs susceptible for avian AND human viruses! |
|
|
Term
| Are pigs essential for influenza transmission from birds to people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the timeline of swine influenza? |
|
Definition
Shed virus in 24 hours
Ab in 3-7d
Recovery 5-7d
Quit shedding by 7d |
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic clinical signs of swine influenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What samples should you submit for swine influenza isolation? |
|
Definition
Nasal/pharyngeal swabs
Lung and trachea |
|
|
Term
| What is the only constant with influenza virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pseudorabies/Aujeszyky's disease caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the family and subfamily of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
Family - Herpesviridae
Subfamily - Alphaherpesvirinae |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
Enveloped
Double-stranded
DNA |
|
|
Term
| Is pseudorabies susceptible to disinfectants? |
|
Definition
YES!
Preserved by freezing, moist conditions |
|
|
Term
| What is the natural reservoir of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is pseudorabies spread? |
|
Definition
Pig to pig
Infected carcasses
Pigs LATENTLY INFECTED |
|
|
Term
| Where does pseudorabies replicate? |
|
Definition
Tonsils
Epithelium of oropharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
Follows cranial nerves to brain
Spreads to lymph nodes
Goes systemic |
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue tropism of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
| Neural and respiratory tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
Reproductive failure, CNS, respiratory in pigs
Mad itch and sudden death in other animals |
|
|
Term
| What kind of abortions are associated with pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
2nd and 3rd trimester
All aborted together
Sows not sick |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality of pseudorabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pathognomonic fetal lesions of PRV? |
|
Definition
| Foci of necrosis in liver and sometimes tonsil |
|
|
Term
| What samples should be collected for PSV? |
|
Definition
Weaned - nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, tonsils, brain
Fetuses/neonates - ALL TISSUES |
|
|
Term
| What is the major issue caused by porcine parvovirus? |
|
Definition
Reproductive failure - NO ABORTIONS
All pigs die at different times |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of parvo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is parvo labile in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of parvo in pigs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is parvo transmitted? |
|
Definition
Shed in feces and other body secretions for 2 weeks
Persists in environment >4mo |
|
|
Term
| Where does parvo replicate? |
|
Definition
| Dividing cells (intestines, lymphoid tissue, crosses placenta, replicates in fetuses) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if fetuses are infected by parvovirus inutero? |
|
Definition
<70d gestation - die (resorbed if <30d)
After 70d - born alive and seropositive |
|
|
Term
| What population of pigs does parvovirus affect most? |
|
Definition
| Seronegative gilts infected during first half of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the specimens you should collect for parvo diagnostics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of virus is TGE virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of TGE? |
|
Definition
Enveloped
Single strand
RNA |
|
|
Term
| What is TGE inactivated by? |
|
Definition
Sunlight
Drying
Heat
(Stable when frozen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between TGE and respiratory coronaviruses? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory virus = TGE with deletion in spike protein gene |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with the epizootic form of TGE? |
|
Definition
Acute vomiting and diarrhea
All pigs susceptible
Severity inversely proportional to age |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with the enzootic form of TGE? |
|
Definition
Pigs first week after weaning
Vomiting and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Where does TGE replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of rotaviruses? |
|
Definition
Nonenveloped
Double strand
RNA
Segmented |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common group of rotaviruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is rotavirus transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of rotavirus? |
|
Definition
Acute diarrhea
Disease <1-6w
Severity decreases with age |
|
|
Term
| Where does rotavirus replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What samples should you send in to diagnose rotavirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does immunity to TGE and rotavirus require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is classical swine fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification characteristics does classical swine fever have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is CSF labile in the environment? |
|
Definition
Yes!
Protected in meat and manure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pig to pig
Ingestion
Inhalation
Transplacental
Mechanical
UNCOOKED PORK |
|
|
Term
| Where does CSF replicate? |
|
Definition
| Monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the major leukogram finding of CSF? |
|
Definition
| Leukopenia (most pronounced of any swine dz) |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical signs of CSF? |
|
Definition
Fever
Cyanosis
CNS signs
Respiratory signs
Diarrhea/constipation
Abortions
Shakers |
|
|
Term
| What samples should you collect to test for CSF? |
|
Definition
TONSILS
Blood
Nasal swabs
LN
Brain
Spleen
Kidney |
|
|
Term
| Which disease is clinically indistinguishable from CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of ASF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ASF resistant in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pig to pig
Uncooked pork
Soft ticks (ONLY DNA ARBOVIRUS) |
|
|
Term
| Where does ASF replicate? |
|
Definition
Monocytes/macrophages near site of infection
Disseminates to other areas |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about immunity to ASF? |
|
Definition
| No neutralizing antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of ASF? |
|
Definition
Fever
Leukopenia
Cyanosis and hemorrhages
Prolonged bleeding
High mortality |
|
|
Term
| What does the spleen look like in ASF? |
|
Definition
| Enlarged with NO INFARCTS |
|
|
Term
| What does the spleen look like in CSF? |
|
Definition
| Normal size with infarcts |
|
|
Term
| What samples should you collect for ASF? |
|
Definition
Tonsil
Spleen
LN
Kidney
Brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aphthovirus in family Picornaviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most contagious disease in the world! |
|
|
Term
| Is FMD enveloped or nonenveloped? |
|
Definition
Non - use acids and bases to disinfect
Protected well by protein |
|
|
Term
| What animal is the amplified host for FMD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal is the indicator host for FMD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal is the maintenance host for FMD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What family is vesicular stomatitis in? |
|
Definition
| Vesiculovirus in rhabdoviridae (same family as rabies) |
|
|
Term
| How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What samples should you submit for vesicular diseases? |
|
Definition
Fluid from vesicles
LN
Thyroid
Adrenal
Skeletal and heart muscles |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)? |
|
Definition
Suid herpesvirus 2
(Cytomegalovirus in betaherpesvirinae) |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of cytomegalovirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is swine pox? |
|
Definition
| Suipoxvirus in family poxviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does swine pox persist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of retroviridae? |
|
Definition
Infection for LIFE
Single strand
Nonenveloped
RNA |
|
|
Term
| Are retroviruses susceptible to environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the subfamily of retroviruses that is pathogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is OPP? |
|
Definition
| Lentivirus in family retroviridae |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of OPP? |
|
Definition
RNA
Enveloped
Inactivated with detergents
Genus with highest rate of mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aerosol
Direct contact
Colostrum, milk |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs of OPP does the Maedi form show? |
|
Definition
Interstitial pneumonia
Mastitis
Arthritis |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs does the visna form of OPP have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does OPP replicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important viral disease of goats in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group does the encephalomyelitis portion of CAE occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joints are most affected by CAE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary adenomatosis virus, Jaagsikete sheep retrovirus
Genus betaretrovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of enzootic nasal tumors? |
|
Definition
Enzootic nasal tumor virus
Betaretrovirus |
|
|
Term
| What type of virus is contagious ecthyma caused by? |
|
Definition
| Parapoxvirus family Poxviridae |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of contagious ecthyma virus? |
|
Definition
Double strand
Enveloped
DNA |
|
|
Term
| Where does contagious ecthyma replicate? |
|
Definition
Cytoplasm!!!
Persists in dry scabs |
|
|
Term
| What is contagious ecthyma inactivated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is contagious ecthyma transmitted? |
|
Definition
Animal to animal
Fomites
Insects
Environment |
|
|
Term
| What kind of vaccine is available for contagious ecthyma? |
|
Definition
Fully virulent
(Don't use if the premise has never had it!) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important animal poxviruses in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus causes sheep and goat pox? |
|
Definition
| Capripoxviruses family Poxviridae |
|
|
Term
| How is sheep and goat pox transmitted? |
|
Definition
Aerosol - most important
Entry into wounds, insects, fomites |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus causes bluetongue? |
|
Definition
| Orbivirus family Reoviridae |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of bluetongue virus? |
|
Definition
Double strand
Nonenveloped
RNA
Segmented |
|
|
Term
| How many serotypes of bluetongue are in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common mode of transmission of bluetongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bluetongue a result of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What samples should be used to diagnose bluetongue? |
|
Definition
Heparinized blood
Spleen, liver, LN
Fetus - brain, spleen
DON'T FREEZE |
|
|
Term
| What precautions need to be taken with the bluetongue vaccine? |
|
Definition
Do not vaccinate pregnant sheep
Do not vaccinate during vector season |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus causes epizootic hemorrhagic disease? |
|
Definition
| Orbivirus (related to bluetongue) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus causes border disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of border disease virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is border disease transmitted? |
|
Definition
Horizontal
Vertical (c/s only inutero) |
|
|
Term
| What tissues should you collect for border disease testing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine an animal is persistently infected with BVD? |
|
Definition
| 2 positive tests at least 3 weeks apart! |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is cache valley virus? |
|
Definition
| Orthobunyavirus family Bunyaviridae |
|
|
Term
| What are the classification characteristics of cache valley virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is cache valley virus spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
