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(cyt- cyto- = cell or cytoplasm) is defined as “the study of cells, including their formation, origin, structure, function, biochemical activities, and pathologic characteristics”
Mosby’s Medical Dictionary |
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Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis |
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| Cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced. |
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| During this first mitotic stage, the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes. Each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids, both with the same genetic information. Microtubules of the cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape, motility and attachment to other cells during interphase, disassemble. And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrosomes |
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| In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a recognizable nucleus. Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined. Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes, overlap each other at the cell center. |
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| Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell. |
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| Spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate, and the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles |
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| The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have pulled them apart disappear. |
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| The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only that portion of overlap is left. It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells. Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to interphase. |
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1. Confers chemical stability on the tissue
2. Hardens the tissue (helps further handling)
3. Halts enzyme autolysis
4. Halts bacterial putrefaction
5. May enhance later staining techniques
6. Introduces a 'consistent artefact' |
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• Fixatives may be classed as precipitant (P) or non-precipitant (NP) according to their effect on tissue protein.
• Primary fixatives are:
• Acetic acid (NP)
• Chromium trioxide (P)
• Ethanol (P)
• Formaldehyde (NP)
• Mercuric chloride (P)
• Methanol (P)
• Osmium tetroxide (NP)
• Picric acid (P)
• Potassium dichromate (NP) |
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(hist- histo- = tissue)is the science dealing with “the structure of organ tissues, including the composition of cells and their organization into various body tissues”.
Mosby’s Medical Dictionary |
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| a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same function. |
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| The four basic tissues in the animal body are: |
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| Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue |
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| What are the 6 important functions of epithelial tissue? |
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1. protect, covers, and lines
2. filters biochemical substances
3. absorbs nutrients
4. provides sensory input
5. manufactures secretions
6. manufactures excretions |
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| Benign tumors do not spread to other tissues and usually grow very slowly. Their cells are often well-differentiated, tend to stay together and are often surrounded by a capsule of dense tissue. not usually life threatening, but can be if they disrupt the normal fxn of a vital organ |
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| not encapsulated, tend to spread to other regions of the body (ex: cells from malignant breat tumors usually form new (secondary tumors in bone, brain, and lung tissues. The cells migrate by way of lymphatic or blood vessels. This manner of spreading is called metastasis. Cells that do not metastasize can spread another way: they grow rapidly and extend the tumor into nearby tissues. Mal tumors may replace part of a vital organ with abnormal, undifferentiated tissue |
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| The cells migrate by way of lymphatic or blood vessels. This manner of spreading is called metastasis |
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| means “new matter”, an abnormal growth of cells |
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| the removal and examination of living tissue. microscopic examination of tumor tissue removed surgically or through a needle sometimes reveals whether it is mal or benign |
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| (cancer makers) agents that affect genetic activity in some way and cause abnormal cell reproduction, some are mutagens (mutation makers that cause changes or mutations in a cell's NDA structure). |
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| refers to an increase in cell size |
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| refers to a decrease in muscle cells |
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| when cells respond to changes in internal environment by increasing their rate of reproduction |
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| a condition in which cells fail to differentiate into a specialized cell type |
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| an abnormal change in shape, size, or organization of cells in a tissue and is often associated with neoplasms |
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| cells die because of an injury or pathological condition, often causing nearby cells to die and triggering an immune response called inflammation, which removes the debris if possible. |
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| nonpathological cell death, occurs frequently in the cells of your body. a type of programmed cell death in which organized biochemical steps w/in the cell lead to fragmentationof the cell and removal of the pieces by phagocytic celss. Apoptosis occurs when cells are no longer needed or when they have certain malfunctions that could lead to cancer or some other potential problem. Apoptosis is the normal process by which our tissues and other groups of cells remodel themselves throughout the life span. although it is a normal cell fxn, it can be abnormally triggered in some conditions. |
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All made up of 3 major components – ground substance, cells, fibers
2 broad categories – connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
Connective tissue proper:
2 subcategories – loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
Loose connective tissue *includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue*
Dense connective tissue - a highly fibrous connective tissues with little vascularization. It fxns to reinforce and bind body structures
*include dense regular, dense irregular and elastic tissue |
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| a beautiful tangle of randomly placed fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent, ground substance. A soft, spongy connective tissue, located throughout the body and is composed f a soft ground substance, numerous cell types (WBCs, fibroblasts, macrophages) and all 3 types of fibers (elastic, reticular, and collagenous) |
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| – connective tissue composed of networks of reticular fibers and cells; found principally in bone marrow, lymph nodes, blood vessels, liver and kidney |
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| - Vascularized type of connective tissue whose general fxns are to protect, insulate, and provide a major source of energy to the body. Can occur as either white or brown adipose tissue. White adipose tissue, found commonly throughout the body, is a storage area for lipids. These lips may be used for the production of energy, ATP. Brown AT, found in neonate and hibernating spp, has its lipids converted to heat. |
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| - tightly bound, minimally vascularized fibrous connective tissue found in ligaments, tendons and fascia. In ligaments, it binds joints; whereas in tendons, it binds muscle to bone. In fascia, it helps support surrounding tissues. |
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| a collagen-based fibrous connective tissue that is found in the dermis, spleen, and liver. It has thicker bundles of fiber than dense regular connective tissue and is designed to withstand tension from multiple directions. |
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| connective tissues composed of large numbers of elastic fibers. Found in tissues that expand and contract, such as in the lungs and vocal cords |
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| an abnormal accumulation of fluid, either localized or generalized, within the tissues or cavities of the body. |
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| excess fluid that has escaped into a body cavity to the detriment of normal body function |
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