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| an agent that inhibits bacterial growth, impedes replication of bacteria, or kills bacteria |
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| an agent produced by a microorganism or semisynthetically that has th ability to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms |
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| – an agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication or growth |
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| – single-celled microorganisms that usually have a rigid cell wall and a round, rod-like, or spiral shape |
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| an agent with the capability to kill bacteria |
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| an agent that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria |
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| to make free of pathogens or make them inactive |
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| an agent that kills fungi |
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| agent that inhibits the growth of fungi |
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| an iodine compound with a longer activity period that results from the combo of iodine and a carrier molecule that releases iodine over time |
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| an organism that is microscopic (eg, bacterium, protozoan, virus, fungus, Rickettsia) |
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| Compare and contrast broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics |
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Definition
The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.[1] A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria.[2] An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.[3]
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are properly used in the following medical situations:
• Empirically (i.e., based on the experience of the practitioner), prior to the formal identification of the causative bacteria, when there is a wide range of possible illnesses and a potentially serious illness would result if treatment is delayed. This occurs, for example, in meningitis, where the patient can become fatally ill within hours if broad-spectrum antibiotics are not initiated.
• For drug resistant bacteria that do not respond to other, more narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
• In the case of superinfections, where there are multiple types of bacteria causing illness, thus warranting either a broad-spectrum antibiotic or combination antibiotic therapy. |
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| 1) Briefly describe the process for the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test. What is the zone of inhibition? |
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Definition
Agar plate with a standard amt of cultured organism
Paper disks impregnated with various antimicrobial drugs are placed w/in the agar plate
Incubation, measurement of zones of inhibition
Sones of inhibition show which antimicrobial agents are susceptible or resistant to each particular antimicrobial, and how effectively they may perform in vitro |
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| 1) List and briefly discuss the special considerations when using antimicrobial drugs (the effects that a drug will have on bacteria). |
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Definition
- don’t use for mild infxn
- use only for those at risk of severe infxn
- do not dismiss the principles of asepsis just because there are many abx from which to choose
- use of antimicrobials should be based on a definitive dx
- don’t use a broad-spectrum abx if the infecting organism is sensitive to a specific abx
- antimicrobial drugs should be administered in full therapeutic doses
- if an antimicrobial can be used topically or locally, do so – reserve the use of systemic drugs for serious dz
- be careful regarding abx withdrawal times in slaughter animals or dairy cows |
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| 1) List and describe the various mechanisms (ways) in which antibiotics work. |
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Antibiotics operate by inhibiting crucial life sustaining processes in the organism:
the synthesis of cell wall material
the synthesis of DNA, RNA, ribosomes and proteins
Antibiotic Classification
Grouped by Structure and Function
Five functional groups cover most antibiotics
1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibitors of protein synthesis
3. Inhibitors of membrane function
4. Anti-metabolites
5. Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis |
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| 1) How can the risk of antibiotic resistance be reduced or minimized? |
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Only use when absolutely needed
Use at the full therapeutic dose
Finish course
Test to make sure using the right abx |
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| 1) Discuss the hazards of antibiotic residues in food-producing animals. Why are withdrawal times especially important in food-producing animals? |
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| If a person then eats the meat/milk with abx they will then be exposed to it |
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| 1) What are some of the adverse side effects of penicillin when used in guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters? Why should penicillin be minimally used or avoided in these species? |
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| Toxic – may cause enterotoxemia |
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| Why should tetracyclines not be used in pregnant or growing animals? |
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Definition
- may cause renal probs when given at high doses
- can affect formation of bones and teeth (staining of teeth) in young animals |
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| Tetracyclines - their clinical uses |
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Definition
- used to tx resp tract infxn, bacterial enteritis and UTI caused by tetracycline-susceptible microorganisms
- also used to treat rickettsial dzs (eg, Lume, Rocky Mountain spotted tick fever |
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Tetracyclines
- Oxytetracycline (ex: Terramycin) – infxns of organs or tissues caused by tet-sensitive strains, anaplasmosis, often ineffective for endocarditits, empyema, meningitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis |
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| Tetracycline - (ex: Aureomycin) – same as Oxytetracycline – infxns of organs or tissues caused by tet-sensitive strains, anaplasmosis, often ineffective for endocarditits, empyema, meningitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis |
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| (ex: Panmycin, Duramycin powder) - same as Oxytetracycline – infxns of organs or tissues caused by tet-sensitive strains, anaplasmosis, often ineffective for endocarditits, empyema, meningitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis |
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| - Doxycycline/minocycline |
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| Tetracycline - Doxycycline (ex: Monodox, Doxy caps/many others) /minocycline (ex: Minocin) same as Oxytetracycline – (infxns of organs or tissues caused by tet-sensitive strains, anaplasmosis, often ineffective for endocarditits, empyema, meningitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis) BUT much better tissue penetration; doxy is esp useful for k9 ehrlichiosis |
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| 1) Why is adequate water intake important in animals taking sulfonamides? |
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| Maintaining hydration can decrease the risk of crystal formation in the kidneys (an adverse side effect which can result in hematuria, proteinuria, and renal tubular damage) |
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| 1) Why should fluroquinolones not be used in growing animals? |
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| Have been responsible for the formation of lesions in the joint articular cartilage during rapid growth phases of dogs |
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| Why should fluroquinolones only be used after other antibiotic therapies have been attempted? |
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| Because they are broad-spectrum |
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| 15) True or False. MSDS sheets should be kept on all antiseptics and disinfectants used and stored within the hospital. |
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| 1) Fungal infections are divided into which 2 groups and categories? |
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Fungal infxns (mycoses) are divided into two types:
Topical (superficial), which affect the skin and mucus membranes – dx by direct microscope exam for the presence of delicate hyphae in skin cells or the presence of spores on the surface of an infected hair. Dermatophyte test medium also available.
Systemic, which affect such areas as the blood, lungs, or CNS – usually dx through serologic testing |
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| 1. different types of bacteria can be distinguished with the use of a ________ stain |
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| 1. Gram-positive bacteria will stain what color? |
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| Gram-negative bacteria will stain what color? |
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| ._______ is approved for use in lactating dairy animals. |
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| _______ can cause staining of teeth in young animals. |
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| _______ should never be given IV to horses. |
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| Some aminoglycosides may be ____-toxic or ____-toxic |
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| . Griseofulvin is used to treat ____________. |
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| . A drug’s ______ of activity is the range of bacteria affected by its action, |
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| Aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen to live. |
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| A fungicidal agent inhibits the growth of fungi. T/F |
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| A bacteriostatic agent inhibits the growth of bacteria. T/F |
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| Dermatophytosis is a(n) _________ skin infxn. |
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| Penicillin-G benzathine is a long-lasting abx that is approved for use in dairy animals. T/F |
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| Naxcel is not approved for use in lactating dairy animals |
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| Panmycin is classified as a(n) ____. |
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| Vets commonly dispense aminoglycosides to pts w/ renal insufficiency. T/F |
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| Enrofloxacin is a ________. |
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| Amphotericin B may be used in the tx of mycotic fungal infxn |
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