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Definition
| occurs in the lungs. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| – occurs all over the body. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the capillaries all over the body (systemic capillaries) and all of the cells and tissues of the body |
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Term
| 1. primary function of the resp system |
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Definition
| - to bring oxygen into the body and carry CO2 out of it |
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| Secondary functions of the resp system |
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Definition
- voice production
- body temp regulation
- acid-base balance regulation
- sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| - acid-base balance is an important homeostatic mechanism in the body. For normal chemical rxns to occur in the cells, the relative alkalinity or acidity of their environment must be controlled carefully. |
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Term
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Definition
- a mathematical value expressing the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration – more simply – a number that tells us the relative acidity or alkalinity of something.
- ranges form 0 – 14. the lower the number, the more acidic, the higher the number the more alkaline the environment.
- pH of 7 is neutral, neither acidic or alkaline
- normal pH of the blood is 7.4, with an acceptable range of 7.35 – 7.45. |
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Term
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Definition
– throat, common passageway for both the resp and digestive systems
- at its rostral end, the soft palate divides the pharynx into the dorsal nasopharynx (resp passageway) and the oropharynx (digestive passageway
- these lead back to the main part of the pharynx, which is common to both systems |
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Definition
– voice box
- short, irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea
- made up mainly of segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and the surrounding tissues by muscles
- larynx supported in place by the hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
- part of the upper airway
- voice production
- prevention of foreign material being inhaled
- control of airflow to and from the lungs
- closure of the glottis also aids nonresp fxns that involve straining, such as urinating, defecation and birth. w/o the closed glottis, contraction of the abdo muscles merely forces air of out the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
- nostrils
- nasal passages
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea |
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Term
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Definition
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
- wind pipe
- short wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the neck region into the thorax, until about the level of the heart, where it divides into the two main bronchi that enter the lungs (bifurcation of the trachea)
- shaped like upside down y
- tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by incomplete hyaline cartilage rings w/ the gap bridged by smooth muscle dorsally
- has ciliated lining similar to nasal passages |
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Term
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Definition
| nostrils – external opening sof the resp tube, lead into the nasal passages |
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Term
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Definition
| – located between the nares and the pharynx (throat) |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the right/left sides of the nasal passages |
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Term
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Definition
thin, scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium that occupy most of the lumen of the nasal passages
- 2 sets in each nasal passage; dorsal turbinate and ventral turbinate – they divide each nasal passage into 3 main passageways, each called a nasal meatus |
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Term
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Definition
- each of the 3 main passageways that each nasal passage is divided into by the dorsal and ventral turbinates
- ventral nasal meatus – located between the ventral turbinate and the floor of the passage
- middle nasal meatus – located between the 2 turbinates
- dorsal nasal meatus located between the dorsal meatus and the roof of the nasal passage
- a small fourth meatus called the common nasal meatus is located on either side of the nasal septum. it is continuous w/ the other 3 main nasal meatuses |
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Term
| Bifurcation of the trachea |
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Definition
| where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi that enter the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
- the sinuses
- outpouchings of the nasal passages that are contained within spaces in certain skull bones.
- each sinus is named after the skull bone that houses it
- most animals have 2 frontal sinuses and 2 maxillary sinuses
- some animals, incl humans, have 2 more sinuses (the sphenoidal sinus and the ethmoidal sinus) located in the sphenoid and ethmoid bones) |
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Term
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Definition
- the most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages
- projects forward from the ventral portion of larynx with its bluntly pointed tip usually tucked up behind the caudal rim of the soft palate when the animal is breathing
- when animal swallows, the epiglottis is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx
- this keeps swallowed material out of the larynx and helps direct it dorsally into the opening of the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
- the largest air passages in the lungs
- left and right main bronchi are formed by the bifurcation of the trachea
- main bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches w/in the lungs
- branching arrangement of the bronchi is referred to as the bronchial tree |
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Definition
- microscopic thin-walled sacs surrounded by a network of capillaries
- the interface between the wall of the alveoli and wall of the capillary is where the actual exchange of gases takes place in the lungs |
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Definition
- some of the smallest branches of the bronchiol tree
- the bronchioles subdivide down to the alveolar ducts, which are the smallest air passageways that lead directly to the alveolar sacs |
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Definition
- the smallest air passageways in the lungs
- carry air to the alveolar sacs |
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Definition
- clusters of alveoli at the ends of the alveolar ducts
- the alveoli are arranged like a bunch of grapes |
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Definition
- a component of the fluid that helps line the alveoli in lungs
- helps reduce surface tension of the fluid, which helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing shut as air moves in and out during breathing |
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Term
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Definition
- the thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that forms the boundary between the thoracic and abdo cavities
- a muscle that helps produce inspiration when it contracts
- dome shaped at rest with its convex surface directed cranially
- when it contracts, the dome flattens, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and causes air to be drawn into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
- subdivisions of the lungs
- defined by major branches of bronchi entering them, rather by grossly visible grooves and clefts |
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Term
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Definition
- the isolated area of some organs where blood vessels and other structures, such as nerves, enter and leave.
- hilus of the lung is where air passageways, blood, lymph vessels and nerves enter and leave |
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Term
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Definition
| - the part of the circulatory system that delivers unoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart |
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Definition
- the chest cavity
- separated from the abdo cavity by the thin sheetlike diapragm |
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Term
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Definition
- the thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the thoracic organs (the visceral layer of pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (the parietal layer of pleura)
- a potential space between the 2 layers contains a sm amt of lubricating fluid that allows the thoracic structures to smoothly slide over each other as they and the thorax itself move |
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Term
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Definition
| - the thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the thoracic organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that lines the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| basic arrangement of lung lobes for cats, cattle, dogs, goats, pigs and sheep |
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Definition
- left lung two lobes, cranial and caudal
- right lung four lobes: cranial, middle, caudal, and a small accessory lobe |
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Term
| arrangement of lung lobes for the horse |
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Definition
- lungs do not have lobes except for the small accessory lobe in the right lung.
- otherwise, the left and right lung each consist of one large lobe |
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Term
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Definition
- the portion of the thorax between the lungs
- contains the heart and most of the other thoracic structures, incl the trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic structures |
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Term
| Negative intrathoracic pressure |
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Definition
- the pressure w/in the thorax is negative w/ respect to atmospheric pressure
- a partial vacuum exists in the thorax
- that partial vacuum pulls the lungs tightly out against the thoracic wall, the soft flexible nature of the lungs allows them to conform closely to the shape of the inside of the thoracic wall. lungs follow passively as movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm alternately enlarge and reduce the volume of the thorax
- the system functions like a bellows, pulling air into the lungs and blowing it back out
- plueral fluid between the lungs and the thoracic wall provides lubrication
- negative pressure in thorax also aids in the return of blood to the heart. helps pull blood into the large veins in the mediastinum, such as the cranial vena cava, the caudal vein and the pulmonary veins.
- these veins return lg volumes of blood to the heart but have no mucular pump to facilitate the process
- the neg intrathoracic pressure helps draw blood fromt eh midsize veins into these lg veins, which then dump blood into the atria of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
– the process of drawing air into the lungs
- basic mechanism is enlargement of the volume of the thoracic cavity by the inspiratory muscles
- the lungs follow the enlargement passively and air is drawn into them through the resp passageways
- main inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
- process of pushing air out of the lungs
- the size of the thoracic cavity is decreased, this compresses the lungs and pushes air out through the resp passageways
- main expiratory muscles are internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| - the quantity of air involved in respiration is described in standardized terms – tidal volume, minute volume, and residual volume |
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Term
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Definition
- the volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
- tidal vol varies according to the body’s needs
- smaller when animal at rest and larger when excited or active |
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Term
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Definition
- the vol of air inspired and expired during one minute
- calc by multiplying the tidal vol by the # of breaths per min |
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Term
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Definition
- the vol of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
- no matter how hard the animal tries, the lungs cannot be completely emptied, the residual vol always remains |
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Term
| the two main systems that control breathing |
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Definition
- mechanical system that sets routine inspiration/expiration limits
- chemical system that monitors the levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance |
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