Term
| Know the indications and contraindications of anticholinergics in ruminants. |
|
Definition
• do not decrease salivation as in SA, instead make saliva thick and ropy, increasing risk of aspiration w/o protected airway
• reserved for tx of arrhythmias and for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in this species |
|
|
Term
| Know the preanesthetic feeding and watering recommendations for ruminants |
|
Definition
- important to ensure adequately fasted before anes
- fasting reduces size of rumen and deceases microbial activity, this decreases gas production during anes
- can’t eructate under anes, can lead to bloating
- bloated rumen can put pressure on diaphragm, lg blood vessels (aorta, caudal vena cava) in abdo
- result – respiratory/circulatory compromise
- severe bloat very difficult to treat, may lead to death
- often goes unnoticed w/ small pt, covered in drapes |
|
|
Term
| Signs of bloat under anesthesia |
|
Definition
- distended, tight abdo
- decreased BP
- increased HR
- decreased ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Ruminants weighing more than how many Kg are usually placed on a large animal gas machine |
|
Definition
>150 kg = lg animal anes machine (most lg animal machines have ventilators)
<150 kg (small ruminants/calves) = sm animal anes machine |
|
|
Term
| Know that ruminants are often very tractable patients and surgical procedures, particularly flank laparotomies, are often accomplished using only local anesthetic procedures without sedation. Are they premedicated? |
|
Definition
| Most are tractable enough to all IV cath/anes induction w minimal or no premeds. Premeds often reserved for pts that are aggressive, excited or stressed |
|
|
Term
| Know the comparative sensitivity of cattle, horses, and swine to xylazine |
|
Definition
| Ruminants very sensitive to xylazine, requiring 1/10th the dose that horses do |
|
|
Term
| What is Double drip and which two drugs make up Double drip? |
|
Definition
IV Induction Protocol for PSC P1 and P2 patients “Double Drip”
Ketamine/guaifenesin combo
Administered to effect, ~ 1ml to 2ml/kg IV
Made by adding 500mg ketamine to a 500 ml bag of 5% guaifenesin.
Each ml of double drip contains 1mg of ketamine and 50 mg guaifenesin
Maint Protocol for PSC P1 and P2 patients “Double Drip”
1ml to 2ml/kg/hr IV |
|
|
Term
| Double drip is most commonly used in which species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know that is common for anesthetized ruminants to hypoventilate |
|
Definition
- Tend to hypoventilate, often observed to breathe rapidly/shallowly, like a panting dog.
- This can lead to hypercarbia, hypoxemia, and difficulty keeping the pt anesthetized due to inadequate delivery of inhalant to lungs.
- Pts w/ this need to be placed on ventilator |
|
|
Term
| What size syringe to inflate the cuff for sm ruminants and calves? |
|
Definition
10 ml small ruminants
60 ml for adult cattle |
|
|
Term
| Positioning the head of an anesthetized ruminant with the pharynx higher than the mouth helps to prevent what? |
|
Definition
| Allows drainage of saliva and any regurg material from the mouth, prevents buildup in the pharynx, which could lead to aspiration in recovery |
|
|
Term
| Ruminants should be placed in sternal recumbancy during recovery to allow them to do what? |
|
Definition
To allow them to eructate. The ET tube should be only partially deflated to assist removal of saliva and regurgitus from the laryngopharynx on extubation
The development of complications from anes recovery is generally limited to the residual effects of bloat |
|
|
Term
| Know the relative susceptibility of ruminants to developing post-anesthesia neuropathy and myopathy. |
|
Definition
| Ruminants, even lg cattle, are not predisposed to developing myopathy or neuropathy as horses are, however, appropriate physical support and padding during anes is prudent |
|
|
Term
| The breathing pattern commonly seen in ruminants during anesthetic procedures will often lead to what condition? |
|
Definition
- Tend to hypoventilate, often observed to breathe rapidly/shallowly, like a panting dog.
- This can lead to hypercarbia, hypoxemia, and difficulty keeping the pt anesthetized due to inadequate delivery of inhalant to lungs.
- Pts w/ this need to be placed on ventilator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Sedatives mostly by IM inj due to lack of easily accessible peripheral veins and the thick layer of fat
- Needles at least 1.5” long due to fat layer
- Best site IM is the muscles of the neck caudal to the ear and at least 3 – 5 cm lateral to the dorsal midline
- Most resistant to sedative drugs of the domestic spp
- Most protocols for IM sedation, premeds or total ink anes incl a tranq or sedative, an opiod, and a dissociative
- Popular combo for heavy sedation to anes is TKX (Telazol, ketamine, and xylazine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Combos like TKX will often induce anes
- Pig eyes very small/sunken, not reliable for anes depth
- Intubation readiness often assessed by seeing if mouth will open w/o resistance
- If after TKX not sedated enough to intubate, can with place IV cath in aural vein (rubber band as tourniquet) and give sm increments of IV induction drug like ketamine (0.5 – 1.0 mg/kg boluses) or admin inhalant via mask |
|
|
Term
| What things can be done to make the intubation of pigs easier? |
|
Definition
- Poor visualization from limited opening of the mouth, the relatively narrow dental arcade, anatomy of larynx, proximal trachea
- Ventral laryngeal diverticulum is present into which the tube can easily be misdirected and the laryngotracheal junction is at an angle rather than being straight
- Larynx sensitive, prone to spasm w/ stimulation
- Experienced person only, easy to damage larynx
Intubation Technique 1
- Sternal or dorsal recum
- Straight stylette in tube and extending beyond
- Laryngoscope to visualize
- Pass stylette into larynx, bypassing diverticulum
- Tube gently threaded over stylette into trachea
Intubation Technique 2
- Stylette w/ 20 – 30 degree curve placed in tube, NOT extending past larynx
- Inserted into larynx w convex surface against the palate
- Once tube in larynx, tube/stylette rotated 180 degrees and advanced into trachea
- If anes light during intubation, stop attempting, IV or inhalant drugs admin until approp anes depth for intubation is reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Challenging to monitor effectively due to few palpable peripheral arteries, cone-shaped legs make BP cuffs more difficult
- Pulses can be palpated in the ear and the medial aspect of the carpus
- Smaller pigs, the brachial artery may be palpable, Dopplar signal may be obtained from it, and oscillometric cuffs will often give pressure readings
- Also may get Doppler signal from tail artery, which runs in the ventral midline of the tail
- Pulse ox probes usually work on the tongue but can also be placed on other areas such as the snout and ears of pink pigs |
|
|
Term
| Know the signs, symptoms, and alternative names of porcine stress syndrome |
|
Definition
- Aka malignant hyperthermia
- Assoc w/ anesthesia, particularly inhalant
- Metabolic condition, occurs in affected animals due to a mutation in one of the genes that controls calcium metabolism in the muscle
- Signs: muscle rigidity. Rapid temp rise, hypercapnia, hyperkalemia, and death
- Tx: immed termination of all anes drugs, delivery of O2 at high flow rates, and tx w/ dantrolene |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common inhalant drugs used for maintenance of anesthesia in adult cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . What is the specific treatment drug for malignant hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
| - Tx: immed termination of all anes drugs, delivery of O2 at high flow rates, and tx w/ dantrolene |
|
|
Term
| . Which anesthetic agents would be the most likely to cause Porcine Stress Syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
