Term
| List the 4 sections of the brain |
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Definition
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
- responsible for those fxns assoc w/ higher order behaviors – learning, intelligence, awareness, etc)
- largest part of brain in domestic animals
- made of the gray matter of cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain) and white matter fibers beneath the cortex, incl corpus callosum (set of fibers that connects 2 halves of the cerebral cortex)
- receives and interprets sensory info
- initiates conscious (voluntary) nerve impulses to skeletal muscles
- integrates neuron activity that is normally assoc w/ communication, expression of emotional responses, learning, memory and recall, and other behaviors assoc w/ conscious activity |
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Term
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Definition
- allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complez reflexes
- essentially, compares the movement the body intends to make w/ the actual position of the muscles and joints to determine if the intentions of the cerebral cortex are actually being carried out
- 2nd lrgst component of the brain
- located just caudal to the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
- serves as a nervous system passageway between the primitive brain stem and the cerebrum
- name means “between brain”
- Has 3 major structures associated with it; thalamus (relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum), hypothalamus (interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system, , plays major roles in regulating temp, hunger, thirst, and components of rage and anger responses), pituitary (endocrine “master gland” that regulates hormone production and release throughout the body)
- Not as physically defined as the cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| (interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system, plays major roles in regulating temp, hunger, thirst, and components of rage and anger responses, |
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Term
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Definition
| (endocrine “master gland” that regulates hormone production and release throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
- connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord
- name comes from its appearance as a stem on which the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon) sit.
- Composed of medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain
- Maintains basic support fxns at the subconscious level
- Autonomic controls fxns related to cardiovascular, respiratory and GI fxn |
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Term
| What part of the brain is responsible for conscious thought and perception of sensations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which section of the brain is used for coordination, posture, and fine motor control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain is a relay station for impulses going to and from the cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which section of the brain controls autonomic functions related to cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal function? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 3 layers of the meninges and briefly describe their function. |
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Definition
from outside to innermost layer
- dura mater – tough, fibrous
- arachnoid – delicate, spiderweb-like
- pia mater – very thin, lies directly on the surface of the brain/spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
- set of connective tissue layers that surround the brain/spinal cord.
- Contain a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and O2 to the superficial tissues of the brain/spinal cord.
- fluid, fat, connective tissue between layers also provide some cushioning and distribution of nutrients for the CNS |
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Term
| Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located? |
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Definition
| Circulates between layers of the meninges and through cavities (canals and ventricles) inside of the brain (ventricles) and the spinal cord (central canal) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the CSF? |
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Definition
- cushioning brain and spinal cord
- its chemical composition may be involved in the regulation of certain autonomic fxns, such as resp and vomiting. Ex: if the pH of the CSF becomes more acidic, the resp center in the brain stem will increase the RR |
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Term
| A CSF tap could provide what type of information for a veterinarian regarding a patient? |
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Definition
- CSF circ through the CNS, infxn, inflammation, or cancer in brain/SC can cause the CSF to change the amt of protein it contains or change the composition of its cells, incl WBCs or cancer cells
-can dx certain nervous system dzs or cancers by CSF tap |
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Term
| What is the Blood-Brain Barrier? Why is this important? |
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Definition
A functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue itself.
Unlike other capillaries that have fenestrations between the cell walls, the capillary cell walls of the brain are aligned tightly together. Also, they are covered by the cell membranes of glial cells – both together result in a cellular barrier that prevents many drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from readily passing from the blood into the brain.
Ex: heartworm prev ivermectin is poisonous to insects and parasites but does not adversely affect the dogs/cats that receive it - the reason for this selective toxicity is that mammals have a blood-brain barrier that prevents ivermectin from reaching target receptors on cells w/in the brain. Insects/parasites do not have this barrier so the ivermectin can readily reach target receptors throughout the nervous system. |
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Term
| 10) Compare and contrast the dorsal nerve roots and the ventral nerve roots. What is their purpose? How do they work? |
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Definition
Dorsal nerve roots
- contain sensory (afferent) fibers
- sensory info comes into the spinal cord via the dorsal nerve roots
- the neurons that forward sensory (afferent) nerve impulses to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord are located in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord’s gray matter “butterfly”
Ventral nerve roots
- contains motor (efferent) fibers
- motor instructions go out to the body via the ventral nerve roots
- the neurons that forward motor (efferent) nerve impulses to the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horns of the gray matter |
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Term
| Mnemonic for names of the 12 cranial nerves: |
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Definition
| On old Olympus’ towering top, a fine vocal German viewed some hops |
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Term
| Mnemonic for types of the 12 cranial nerves: |
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Definition
| Six sailors made merry, but my brother said, “Bad business, my man” |
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Term
| 11) What are the 12 cranial nerves and what is the basic function of each? Which nerves are motor, which are sensory, and which are both? |
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Definition
1. I Olfactory (On)- Smell – Sensory (Six)
2. II Optic (old) – Vision - Sensory (sailors)
3. III Oculomotor (Olympus’) – Eye movement, pupil size, focusing lens – Motor (made)
4. IV Trochlear (towering) – Eye movement – Motor (merry)
5. V Trigeminal (top) – Sensations from head/teeth, chewing - Both Sensory and Motor (but)
6. VI Abducent (a) – Eye movement - Motor (my)
7. VII Facial (fine) – Face and scalp movement, salivation, tears, taste - Both Sensory and Motor (brother)
8. VIII Vestibulocochlear (vocal) – Balance, hearing - Sensory (said)
9. IX Glossopharyngeal (German) – Tongue movement, salivation, taste - Both Sensory and Motor (bad)
10. X Vagus (viewed) – Sensory from GI tract/resp tree; motor to the larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic; Motor to the abdo/thoracic organs - Both Sensory and Motor (business)
11. XI Spinal accessory (some) – head movement, accessory motor with vagus - Motor (my)
12. XII Hyperglossal (hops) – tongue movement - Motor (man) |
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