Term
|
Definition
| immunity that occurs by an animal’s own immune response after exposure to foreign antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance given w/ an antigen to enhance the immune response to the antigen. Adjuvants may form a localized granumloma at the inj site or may produce systemic hypersensitivity. Adjuvants have recd much attention as a result of a possible (not proven) link with the increased incidence fibrosarcomas in vx cats. Ex: aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum potassium sulfate, water in oil, saponin, and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systemic, severe allergic rxn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an immunoglobulin molecult that combines w/ a specific antigen that induced its formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance that can induce a specific immune response, such as toxins, foreign proteins, bacteria and viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity that occurs by admin of antibody produced in another individual |
|
|
Term
| The physiologic response of a patient to an administered vaccine will depend on what 6 factors |
|
Definition
- Health/age
- Type of vx admin
- Route of admin
- Concurrent incubation of infectious dz
- Exposure to infectious dz before immunity is reached
- Drug therapy |
|
|
Term
| 5) According to the National Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma Task Force, where should the following vaccines be administered in cats: |
|
Definition
Rabies - distal right rear leg
• Feline Leukemia - distal left rear leg
• All other vaccines – right shoulder |
|
|
Term
| What are Inactivated Vaccines? Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Inactivated Vaccines? |
|
Definition
Organisms are treated by chemicals that kill the organisms but cause very little change in the antigens, which stimulate protective immunity (aka killed, or dead, vx)
Advantages:
- Usually very safe
- Stable in storage
- Unlikely to cause dz through residual virulence
Disadvantages
- Req repeated doses for adequate protection
- Adjuvants may cause severe local rxns
- Costs may be higher due to repeated doses
- Contain preservatives such as penicillin, streptomycin, and fungistats |
|
|
Term
| What are Live Vaccines? Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Live Vaccines |
|
Definition
Prepared from live microorganisms or viruses, may be fully virulent or avirulent
Advantages
- Fewer doses for immune response
- Adjuvants unneeded (may contain preservatives)
- Less risk of allergic response
- Inexpensive
Disadvantages
- May be contaminated w/ unwanted organisms
- Req careful handling
- Do not store as well as inactivated
- May possess residual virulence |
|
|
Term
| 8) What are Modified Live Vaccines? Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccines. |
|
Definition
Organisms undergo a process (attenuation) to lose their virulence so they cause an immune response instead of dz
Advantages
- Effective vx for many viruses can be developed through attenuation of the causative virus
- Immunity comparable in response and longevity to killed products
Disadvantages
- Can cause abortion when given to pregnant animals
- Can cause mild immunosuppression
- Residual virulence can cause a mild form of the dz
- Contain preservatives such as penicillin, gentamicin, thimerosal, and fungistats |
|
|
Term
| What are Recombinant Vaccines? Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Recombinant Vaccines. |
|
Definition
3 categories
- Type 1 recombinant (subunit) vx – derived by inserting a foreign gene from a specific pathogen into a recombinant organism (eg yeast, bacterium, virus). Organism multiples, and the product of the gene is extracted, purified and prepared for admin as a vx
- Type II recombinant (gene-deleted) vx – involves deletion of specific genes from a pathogenic organism. Manipulation produces a vx that has low risk of producing dz, but can still stimulate a protective immune response
- Type III recombinant (vectored) vx – derived from the insertion of specific pathogenic genetic material into a nonpathogenic or gene-deleted organism (eg poxvirus). This altered organism is then propagated in vitro and used to manufacture the vx
Advantages
- Fewer adverse effects
- Provide effective immunity
- Type I and III vx cannot revert to virulence because of the way they are manufactured
- Some can be admin orally
Disadvantages
- Currently few are available
- New tech often has higher cost |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 recombinant (subunit) vx |
|
Definition
| derived by inserting a foreign gene from a specific pathogen into a recombinant organism (eg yeast, bacterium, virus). Organism multiples, and the product of the gene is extracted, purified and prepared for admin as a vx |
|
|
Term
| Type II recombinant (gene-deleted) vx |
|
Definition
| involves deletion of specific genes from a pathogenic organism. Manipulation produces a vx that has low risk of producing dz, but can still stimulate a protective immune response |
|
|
Term
| Type III recombinant (vectored) vx |
|
Definition
| derived from the insertion of specific pathogenic genetic material into a nonpathogenic or gene-deleted organism (eg poxvirus). This altered organism is then propagated in vitro and used to manufacture the vx |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast a toxoid vs. antitoxin. When would each of these products be used (i.e. Tetanus antitoxin vs toxoid). |
|
Definition
Toxoid – used to produce immunity to a toxin rather than a bacterium or a virus. Toxin is treated w/ heat or chemicals to destroy its damaging properties rather than a bacterium or a virus. Toxin is treated w/ heat or chemicals to destroy its damaging properties w/o eliminating its ability to stimulate antibody production
-provides protection for up to 1 yr
- may contain adjuvants
- many contain preservatives
Antitoxin – specific antiserum aimed at a toxin that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the blood serum or plasma of a hyperimmunized, healthy animal (usually a horse)
- Neutralizes toxins produced by microorganisms
- May contain preservatives
- Produce immediate passive immunity
- Immunity is short-lived (7 – 14 days)
- Biologic products of equine origin may be assoc w/ the development of equine serum hepatitis (Theiler’s dz). Link not proved but clients should be made aware |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common routes/methods for vaccine administration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should vaccines be handled to ensure their effectiveness? |
|
Definition
Sensitive to inactivation by heat/sunlight
Once shipment recd, should unpack quickly and place under refrigeration
Should never be frozen because cells may rupture during thaw, releasing toxins that can damage tissue or cause tissue death |
|
|
Term
| 1) List the types of vaccine reactions that can occur and briefly discuss the possible signs and symptoms of each type of reaction. |
|
Definition
Most notable risks involving vaccination incl residual virulence and toxicity, allergic rxns resulting from hypersensitivity, dz in immunosuppressed animals, possible effects on a fetus, and abortion.
Reactions include
- Sting after inj – most often caused by inactivating agents
- Slight fever
- Lethargy
- Soreness at inj site
- Hypersensitivity may be caused by several factors incl immunizing antigens, antigens acquired during the manufacture of the vaccine, and reactions to adjuvants used in the vaccine
- Anaphylaxis – uncommon – usually tx by epi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves using drugs to stimulate or suppress the body’s immunologic response to dzs or conditions caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast immunostimulants and immunomodulators. |
|
Definition
Immunostimulants are agents that stimulate the immune response
Immunomodulators are agents used to adjust the immune response to a desired level |
|
|
