Term
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Definition
the liquid portion of blood, makes up from 45 - 75% of blood vol dep on spp and size of RBCs.
- ~93% water |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs - carry o2 from the lungs to the cells and tissues of the body |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(granulocytes - granules in cytoplasm, named by how granules stain)
- eosinophils (red granules)
- basophils (blue granules)
- neutrophils (granules that stain neither blue nor red)
(agranulocytes - no granules)
- monocytes
- lymphocytes |
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Term
| Where are red blood cells produced? |
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Definition
| RBCs are produced in the bone marrow |
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Term
| What is the average circulating RBC lifespan in the dog? Cat? |
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Definition
| Dogs ~ 100 days Cats ~ 85 – 90 days |
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Term
| What factors affect the number of circulating RBCs? |
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Definition
- changes in plasma volume
- rate of RBC destruction or loss
- splenic contraction
- erythropoietin (EPO) secretion
- rate of bone marrow production |
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Term
| What is the function of RBCs? |
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Definition
- Primary fxn – carry O2 to tissue cells and to carry CO2 away
- To do this, RBCs consist essentially of gas-carrying soluble protein (hemoglobin) surrounded by a protective cell membrane
- The fluidity of normal RBCs allow them to traverse tortuous capillary beds leading to close approximation of red cells with tissue cells. This in turn makes gaseous exchange efficient |
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| What is the molecule in a RBC that carries oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin.[2] This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood ce |
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Term
| What is erythropoietin? Where is it produced? |
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Definition
| The glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the red bone marrow to increase its production of RBCs |
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Term
| What causes the production and release of erythropoietin? |
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Definition
| When the kidney cells detect hypoxia in the blood |
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| What are the main functions of erythropoietin? |
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Definition
- regulates RBC production
- plays important role in brain’s response to neuronal injury
- also involved in the wound healing process |
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Term
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Definition
- Nongranulocytic WBCs that are involved in the immune response.
- Only WBC with no phagocytic response
- Normally the predominate circulating WBC in ruminants n pigs
- 2 types of lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes – involved in cell-mediated immunity (produces “killer” cells that directly attack foreign invaders)
- B lymphocytes – responsible for humoral immunity (when B lymphocytes are activated by the presence of an antigen, they transform into plasma cells that produce antibodies against the antigen) |
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Term
| Where are lymphocytes formed? |
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Definition
- believed to arise from same pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow as other blood cells. (Some controversy exists)
- before they begin to mature, some of the cells leave the bone marrow to develop in other central lymphoid organs located throughout the body before settling in their permanent home in peripheral lymphoid tissue |
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Term
| What are the functions of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
- immunity
- memory of dzs (antibodies) |
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Term
| How long do circulating lymphocytes survive in the body? |
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Definition
| Survive from months to years |
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Term
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Definition
a decrease in the number or volume of erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin in the blood
- is not a disease but a clinical finding associated with several different diseases / disorders |
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| Know the 3 major categories of causes of anemia and examples of disorders in each |
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Definition
Blood loss
- trauma
- sx
- birth
- ruptured blood vessel
- parasitism (ecto-, internal)
- coagulopathy (vW, DIC, thrombocytopenia)
- GI ulceration
- neoplasia
Inadequate production of RBCs
- Bone Marrow disorders (ex: idiopathic aplastic anemia, irradiation)
- Systemic Dzs (ex: chronic illness, neoplasia, Felv/FIV, renal failure, liver dz)
- Toxins/Drugs
- Nutritional Deficiency (Mineral – ex: iron; Vitamin – ex: C and B; Protein)
Excessive destruction of RBCs (hemolysis)
- Antibody-mediated (IMHA)
- Congenital
- Toxins/Drug-induced (lead, acetaminophen, onions, numerous others)
- Parasites (ex: hemobartonella, babesia, ehrlichiosis) |
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Term
| What is regenerative anemia? |
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Definition
occurs when the body recognizes that the tissues are not being oxygenated well enough and various factors cause the bone marrow to kick in and increase the production of RBCs which in turn, improves tissue oxygenation.
• Hemorrhage and Hemolysis are often Regenerative
- Caused by loss and destruction |
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Term
| What is non-regenerative anemia? |
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Definition
occurs when there is an insufficient response of the bone marrow to increase production of RBCs. This poor response occurs because the bone marrow is either unable to increase production or stimulation of the bone marrow does not occur.
- Neoplasia, renal/liver disease, nutritional deficiencies, lead toxicity are often non-regenerative
- Depression of production |
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Term
| What are the general clinical signs of anemia? |
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Definition
• Usually no symptoms if the anemia is mild
• Fatigue
• Weakness / collapse
• Exercise intolerance
• Irregular heart beat / tachycardia
• Mucous membranes pale
Additional clinical signs may be seen depending on the disease that is causing the anemia. |
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Term
| Why do you think that tachycardia would occur? |
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Definition
| Not enough O2 is being carried in the blood due to the lack of RBCs so the heart speeds up to try to cycle more O2-carrying blood to the tissues and organs more quickly |
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Term
| Why do you think that exercise intolerance occurs? |
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Definition
| The increased O2 requirement can’t be fulfilled |
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Term
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Definition
| disseminated intravascular coagulation – a complex condition that is always secondary to another dz process. Defined as an excessive activation of the clotting mechanism w/ complete consumption of clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal bursting forth of blood from damaged blood vessels. It can be severe and may occur in arteries, veins, and capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling bleeding; stopping the flow of blood out of a blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| low platelet count; when platelets are low, it is harder for clotting to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| the % of a total blood sample volume made up of RBCs.; the lab test performed to determine the % of RBCs in a blood sample; aka PCV |
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Definition
| the % of a total blood sample volume made up of RBCs.; the lab test performed to determine the % of RBCs in a blood sample; aka hematocrit |
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Term
| With which conditions do you get more severe clinical signs? Rapid or slow / chronic blood loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is thrombocytopenia and what are some components of treatment? |
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Definition
Low platelet count
Tx - based on the cause, may include:
- Antibiotics
- Corticosteroids
- Blood transfusions
- Etc
Prognosis depends on cause
- mild, self-limiting vx-induced thrombocytopenia has excellent prognosis
- caused by cancer – may have much worse prognosis |
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Term
| What is the PCV in a normal dog? Cat? |
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Definition
| Dog 48 - 66% Cat 30 – 45% |
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Term
| Why might an increase in nucleated RBCs occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in reticulocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)
Breed Predisposition |
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Definition
| Doberman Pincher, Golden, Shetland Sheepdog, Rottweiler, Miniature Schnauzer, GSD, German Short-haired Pointer, Standard Poodle, and Scottish terrier |
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Term
| von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)causes |
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Definition
| Inherited blood clotting defect. When something is wrong with one’s von Willebrand’s factor, platelets don’t stick together properly and inappropriate prolonged wound bleeding occurs |
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Term
| von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)clinical signs |
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Definition
Inappropriate bruising or bleeding, hemorrhage
May show signs of bleeding in puppyhood during sx
Borderline dogs may not show signs until later in life, after a slight drop in platelet fxn |
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Term
| von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)Diagnosis |
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Definition
- DNA testing available for 11 breeds
- Classically, would test blood sample for % of vW factor compared to that of “normal” dogs. Not reliable, same dog – different results
- CBC – anemia, neutrophilia and a mild left shift and reticulocytosis after acute bleeding, thrombocytopenia, megathrombocytosis
- BMBT – increased time
- Platelet fxn analyzer – increased time |
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Term
von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)
Medical & Nursing Care |
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Definition
General – supportive, fluid tx, hormonal tx, blood transfusions
Med – Cryoprecipitate (concentrated form of vWF and factor VIII, improves bleeding time ~ 4 hrs post admin), Desmopressin acetate: increased vWF and decreases bleeding time – 30 min onset period then shortens the bleeding time for ~ 2 hrs after inj |
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