Term
|
Definition
| occurs in the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioide between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs all over the body. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the capillaries all over the body (the systemic capillaries) and all of the cells and tissues of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the lungs and
Passageways that carry air in and out of the
Lungs. Include the nostrils, nasal cavity,
Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- oxygen-Carbon dioxide exchange
- regulation of the acid-base balance
- regulation of body temp
- voice production
- also has components that contribute to the sense of smell |
|
|
Term
| Resp fxn can be divided into 4 parts: |
|
Definition
- ventilation
- distribution
- diffusion
- perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nostrils
- nasal passages
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea |
|
|
Term
| Nostrils and nasal passages |
|
Definition
- nostrils – the 1st resp structure in the nose
- nasal passages are between the nostrils and pharynx
- nasal septum separated the L/R nasal passages
- also separating the nasal passages are the hard and soft palates which sep the nasal passages from the mouth and make up the roof of the mouth
in some breeds the soft palate is a concern
- also sinus cavities and the paranasal sinuses are extensions of the nasal passages and extend into many of the cavities of the skull such as the frontal sinuses of the frontal bone of the skull.
- Nasal passages “condition” inhaled air
- Nasal turbinates are scroll-like, with nsal epithelium. Increase surface area of the nasal passages for warming and humidifying inhaled air |
|
|
Term
| 3 main fxns of nasal lining: |
|
Definition
warming
- humidifying (from fluids and mucus that line nasal epithelium also protect surface)
- filtering (the cilia, twists of turnbinates and moist mucus environment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also referred to as the throat
- just caudal to the soft palate
- common passageway for resp and digestive systems
- larynx and pharynx work together to facilitate breathing and swallowing
- ex of both working together – epiglottis covers the trachea to prevent aspiration
- respiratory and digestive passageways “switch” at the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| roles and purpose of the larynx |
|
Definition
- component of upper airway
- voice production through vocal cords located in larynx, through cartilage components located in larynx
- prevention of aspiration or inhalation of foreign material into lungs – when the swallowing reflex occurs, groups of muscles that pull the larynx forward and pull epiglottis back over the opening of the larynx which leads into trachea/lungs
- control airflow to and from the lungs thru action of epiglottis and adjustments to size of glottis
- also known as voicebox
- located between pharynx and trachea
- ventral to esophagus
- made up of segments of cartilage controlled and supported by muscles and hyoid bone |
|
|
Term
| Main larynx cartilage segments (in many species. Pattern,size,# vary among spp) include: |
|
Definition
- epiglottis
- arytenoid cartilages – paired, control tension of vocal cords, decreasing tension produces no sound, pulled tightly produces sound. If too tight, no sound
- thyroid cartilage (“adams apple” in humans
- cricoid cartilage – ring shaped cartilage that connect the thyroid cartilage and trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- referred to as the windpipe
- carries air from the larynx, thru the neck region, into the lungs
- hyaline cartilage rings support the trachea and keep airway open
- lined with ciliated epithelium, similar to nasal passages. Works with mucus layer to trap debris that made it past nasal passages
- divides or bifurcates into main bronchi that enter the lungs |
|
|
Term
| List the components of the upper respiratory tract. |
|
Definition
All of the structures outside the lungs:
Nose
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea (wind pipe) |
|
|
Term
| List the components of the lower respiratory tract. |
|
Definition
All of the structures within the lungs:
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli – where gas exchange occurs in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what structures would a molecule of oxygen pass over or through as it travels from the environment to the alveoli? |
|
Definition
Nostrils
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 primary fxns of the resp sys? |
|
Definition
the four fxns of the resp system are
oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange
regulation of acid-base balance
body temp regulation
voice production |
|
|
Term
| Describe the fxns of the 3 basic defense mechanisms of the resp sys. |
|
Definition
| structures in the nasal passages filter, warm and humidify inspired air. The cough, sneeze, and reverse sneeze attempt to remove foreign material that has entered the resp sys. The mucociliary mechanism also removes foreign material from the respiratory system. Macrophages and immunoglobulins inactivate or destroy invasive organisms |
|
|
Term
| 3) What role does the diaphragm play in respiration? In our veterinary patients, how would a diaphragmatic hernia effect respiration? |
|
Definition
- increases thoracic volume during inspiration
- decreases thoracic volume during expiration
- helps maintain appropriate pressure needed in thoracic cavity for resp. Why pts with diaphragmatic hernias may show signs of resp distress |
|
|
Term
| List and describe 2 main systems that control breathing. |
|
Definition
Mechanical system
Lungs inflate
Nerve impulse to respiratory center
Inflation stops and expiration begins
Lungs deflate
Nerve impulse to respiratory center
Expiration stops
Process repeats
Chemical system
Increased CO2/decreased pH
Respiratory center increases HR and resp (O2)
Increased pH/decreased CO2 |
|
|
Term
| How does the level of carbon dioxide in the blood alter blood pH? Why is this important? |
|
Definition
| As the CO2 level in the blood rises, the pH goes down, meaning blood is becoming more acidic. The chemical control system detects a rise in CO2, and decrease in pH, it signals resp center to increase the rate and depth of respiration so that more CO2 can be eliminated from the lungs. If CO2 level falls too low, which is usually accompanied by a rise in pH, the opposite occurs. Resp is decreased to allow the CO2 level to rise back to normal range |
|
|
