-Function: skin twitch

-Innervation: thoracic n.

-Origin: first 1-2 (sometimes 3) sternebrae

-Insertion: Greater Tubercle of Humerus

-Function: Adduct TL; NOT weight bearing

-Innervation: cranial pectoral nn (C7, C8)

-Origin: Entire ventral sternum

-Insertion: Lesser Tubercle of Humerus

-Function: adduct TL

   WEIGHT BEARING

-Innervation: caudal pectoral nerves (C8, T1)    

-Origin: clavical, nuchal crest of occipital bone, mastoid part of temporal bone

-Insertion: craniodistal humerus

-Function: advance the limb, draw neck laterally (wt bearing)

-Innervation: Accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

-Origin: nuchal crest and mastoid part (temporal bone)

-Insertion: manubrium of sternum

-Function: draw head and neck laterally

-Innervation: Accessory nerve & ventral br of cervical spinal n

-Origin: first costal and first sternebrae cartilage

-Insertion: basihyoid cartilage

-Function: draw larynx and tongue caudally

-Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

-Origin: Wing of atlas

-Insertion: Acromion (scapula)

-Function: advance limb or flex neck laterally (wt bearing)

-Innervation: Accessory nerve

-cranial to the scapula and deep to omotransversarius

-to drain lymph from head, neck, and TL

-Origin: median raphe of neck and supraspinous ligament from C3-T9

-Insertion:spine of scapula

-Function: elevate TL

-Innervation: Accessory n.

-Origin: nuchal crest (occipital bone) to spinous process T7

-Insertion: dorsal border of Scapula

-Action: elevate TL, draw scapula against trunk

-Innervation: ventral br of cervical and thoracic spinal n.

-Origin: spinous processes T6-L7 and caudal ribs

-Insertion: teres major tuberosity of humerus bone

-Function: draw TL caudally (digging)

-Innervation: Thoracodorsal n. (C7, C8, T1)

-Origin: transvers processes of C3-C7 and first 7 ventral ribs

-Insertion: Serrated face of Scapula

-Function: support trunk, depress scapula

-Innervation: ventral br of cervical spinal n and long thoracic nerve (C7)

It is mostly cartilage, thus not very much tissue the trunk of the body.

Union of limbs to the trunk of the body

-Origin: acromion AND spine of scapula

-Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

-Function: flex shoulder joint

-Ennervation: axillary n.

-Origin: infraspinous fossa

-Insertion: Greater Tubercle of Humerus

-Function: lateral stabilization of the shoulder joint

-Innervation: Suprascapular n.

-Origin: Supraspinous fossa (scapula)

-Insertion: Greater Tubercle of Humerus

-Function: lateral stabilizer of shoulder joint

-Innervation: Suprascapular n.

-Origin: Subscapular fossa (scapula)

-Insertion: Lesser Tubercle of Humerus

-Function: Medial stabilizer of shoulder joint

-Innervation: subscapular n.

-Origin: Caudal angle AND border of scapula

-Insertion: Teres major tuberosity (humerus)

-Function: Flex shoulder joint

-Innervation: axillary nerve

Have the animal walk/ stand

Note: Cat biceps brachii m. inserts only on radius, brachialis m. inserts only on ulna 

intertubercular bursa - mis-named in dog, cat, sheep - correctly named in horse, cow & humans

-Origin:

Long head: Caudal border of scapula

Others: Proximal humerus

-Insertion: Olecranon tuber

-Function:

Long head: flex shoulder joint and extend elbow joint

Others: extend elbow joint

-Innervation: Radial n.

-Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle

-Insertion: Ulnar and radial tuberosities (only radial in cats)

-Function: Flex elbow, extend should joint

-Innervation: Musculocutaneous n.

-a band of fibrous tissue that joinand s the greater and lesser tubercles

-hold the tedon of origin in the intertubercular groove

-Origin: Proximal/lateral third of humerus

-Insertion: Ulnar and radial tuberosities (ulnar only in cat)

-Function: Flex the elbow joint

-Innervation: Musculocutaneous n.

-Origin: Lateral supracondylar crest (femur)

-Insertion: dorsal base of metacarpals II and III

-Function: extend carpus

-Innervation: radial n.

-Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus bone

-Insertion: extensor processes of distal Phalanges II-V

-Function: extend four digits II-V and carpus

-Innervation: Radial n.

-Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: extensor processes of proximal phalanges of III-V

-Function: extend carpus and joints of digits III-V

-Innervation: radial n.

-Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: proximal end of metacarpal V and Accessory carpal bone

-Function: support carpus when weight bearing

-Innervation: radial n.

***aka extensor carpi ulnaris

-Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: cranial proximal radius

-Function: rotate forearm laterally

-Innervation: radial n.

-Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: proximal third of radius

-Function: rotate forearm medially

-Innervation: median n.

-Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: palmar base of metacarpals II and III

-Function: flex carpus

-Innervation: median n.

-Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: palmar base of middle phalanges II-V

-Function: flex carpus and digits II-V

-Innervation: median n.

-Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: accessory carpal bone

-Function: carpal joint flexion

-Innervation: ulnar nerve

-Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

-Insertion: palmar flexor tubercle of distal phalanx of each digit

-Function: flex carpus and digits

-Innervation: median and ulnar nn

-4 of them

-lie deep to the deep digital flexor tendons and cover the palmar surfaces of the 4 main metacarpal bones

-Origin: sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity

-Insertion: tuber calcanei

-Function: extend hip, stifle, and hock

-Innervation: sciatic n.

**common calcanean tendon

**longest widest 

-Origin: ischiatic tuberosity

-Insertion:  tuber calcanei

-Function: extend hip/hock AND flex stifle

-Innervation: sciatic n.

**common calcaneal tendon

-Origin: ischiatic tuberosity

-Insertion: proximal tibia

-Function: extend hip, stifle (or flex)

-Innervation: sciatic n.

-Origin:

     Cranial: Iliac crest

     Caudal: Craniovetnral iliac spine

-Insertion:

     Cranial: Patella

     Caudal: Cranial border of tibia

-Function:

     Cranial: flex hip, extend stifle

     Caudal: flex hip, flex stifle

-Innervation: femoral n.

**can act as its own antagonist 

-Origin: pelvic symphysis

-Insertion: tuber calcanei

-Function: adduction of limb, flex stifle, extend hip

-Innervation: obturator n.

**common calcaneal tendon 

-Origin: iliopubic eminence and pubic tubercle

-Insertion: caudal face of femur

-Function: adduct PL

-Innervation: Obturator n.

-Origin: pubic symphysis

-Insertion: caudal face of femur

-Function: adduction of PL

-Innervation: obturator n.

-Origin: tuber coxae

-Insertion: lateral femoral fascia

-Function: flex hip joint, extend stifle joint

-Innervation: cranial gluteal n.

-Origin: sacrum to iliac spine

-Insertion: third trochanter of femur

-Function: extend hip joint

-Innervation: caudal gluteal n.

-Origin: gluteal surface of ilium

-Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

-Function: extension of hip joint

-Innervation: cranial gluteal n.

-Origin: body of ilium and ischiatic spine

-Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

-Function: extension of hip joint

-Innervation: cranial gluteal n.

-Origin:

Rectus Femoris: ilium

Vasti muscles (lateralis, intermedius, medialis): proximal/caudal femur

-Insertion: tibial tuberosity

-Function: Rectus: extend stifle joint, flex hip joint

                  Vastus: extend stifle joint

-Innervation: femoral n.

-Origin: Lumbar vertebrae and ilium

-Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

-Function: major hip flexor m

-Innervation: ventral branches of lumbar spinal nn, femoral n

-Origin: cranial border of proximal tibia

-Insertion: plantar surface of base of metatarsals I and II

-Function: flex hock joint

-Innervation: fibular n.

**goes through crural extensor retinaculum 

-Origin: extensor fossa of femur

-Insertion: extensor processes of base of distal phalanges II-V

-Function: extension of digits II-V, flex tarsus

-Innervation: fibular n.

**through crural flexor retinaculum and tarsal flexor retinaculum 

-Origin: lateral collateral ligament of stifle joint

-Insertion: plantar base of metatarsals

-Function: flex hock joint

-Innervation: fibular n.

-Origin: firsgt costal cartilage

-Insertion: caudolateral thyroid cartilage

-Function: draw larynx and tongue caudally

-Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

-Origin: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur

-Insertion: tuber calcanei

-Function: extend hock joint, flex stifle joint

-Innervation: Tibial n. 

***common calcanean tendon 

-Origin: lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur

-Insertion: bases of middle phalanges of digits II-V

-Function: digital joint flexion of II-V, flex stifle joint, extend tarsus

-Innervation: tibial n. 

**has calcaneal bursa unter its tendon as it crosses tuber calcanei

**sandwiched between heads of gastrocnemius 

**Forms flexor manica aroud tendons of deep digital flexor 

-Origin: proximal tibia and fibula

-Insertion: plantar base of distal phalanges 

-Function: flex digits, extend tarsus

-Innervation: tibial n. 

-Origin: lateral epicondyle of femur

-Insertion: proximal caudal tibia

-Function: rotate leg medially

-Innervation: tibial n 

**popliteal sesamoid on lateral condyle of tibia 

-medial tuber calcanei

-surrounds deep digital flexor 

-Crural covers Cranial tibial m and Long digital extensor tendon 

-Tarsal covers ONLY Long Digital Extensor Tendon 

-internal obturator

-external obturator

-quadriceps femoris

-gemelli

-it is actually a synovial pouch that functions as a synovial sheath

-extension of shoulder joint capsule around tendon of origin inintertubercular groove

-FOUR OF THEM

-lie deep to DDF tendons and vocer palmar surface of four main metacarpal bones

-proximal sesamoids imbedded in tendons of insertion at proximal phalanges II-V

-obutrator, gemelli, quadratus femoris, and external obturator

-ass function as antagonists to the medial rotation action of the gluteal mm

-lateral surface of cervical vertebrae

(lateral to longus colli)

-Function: fixation in respiration

-fibers run caudoventrally  Cr\\\\\\\\\\\\Cd

-Function: fixation in respiration

-fibers run cranioventrally  Cr/////////Cd

-Location: ventral half of lateral thoracic wall and lateral part of abdominal wall

-Fiber Direction: caudoventrally Cr\\\\\\\\\\\\Cd

-separation in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle

-it is the external opening of the inguinal canal

-in male: vaginial tunic and spermatic cord pass through here

-in female: vaginal process passes through here

-in both: above and external pudendal a/v and genitofemoral n

-Location: just deep to External Abdominal Oblique

=>fuses with EAO aponeurosis to form external sheath over rectus abdominis

=>in males, caudal fibers form cremaster m (follows vaginal trunk)

-Fiber direction: craniocentrally Cr///////////Cd

-Location: medial to Internal Abdominal Oblique and Rectus Abdominis

-Fiber direction: Transverse Cr llllllllllll Cd

-Location: from pecten to sternum

-Fiber direction: longitudinal Cr =======Cd