Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter allowing a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme in the synaptic gap promoting the breakdown of acetylcholine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action or receptor activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine (adrenaline) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of all sensation; local, regional, surgical, pain or sensory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| State of involuntary muscle rigidity couple by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of analgesia. Some reflexes may be preserved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters that mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Action or receptor activated by acetylcholine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of the synapse between synapse one and synapse two of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by acetylcholine and muscarine. Found in glands, heart, and smooth muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
S=Salivation
L=Lacrimation
U=Urination
D=Defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by acetylcholine and nicotine, found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapse. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal chord. Mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, used to conserve and restore a steady state in the body (rest and digest) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Portion of the ANS that arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, mediated by catecholamines, concerned with fight or flight. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Synapse Center
Motor Neuron
Effector |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Constriction of arterioles
Increased tone of urethra
Dilation of pupil |
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Term
| Alpha-2 Targets and Response |
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Definition
| Constriction of Skeletal Muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Increased HR, conduction, and contractility.
Renin released. |
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Term
|
Definition
Skeletal Blood Vessels
Bronchioles |
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Term
|
Definition
Dilation of Blood Vessels
Dilation of Bronchioles |
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Term
|
Definition
Kidneys
Heart
Mesenteric Blood Vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dilation of blood vessels in heart, kidneys, and mesentery |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate receptors mediated by acetylcholine. May mimic acetylcholine or inhibit breakdown. Also parasympathomimetic. |
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Term
|
Definition
Aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
Reduce the intraocular pressure of glaucoma.
Stimulate GI motility.
Treat urinary retention.
Control vomiting.
Act as an antidote for neuromuscular blockers. |
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Term
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Definition
Direct Cholinergic
Seldom used due to rapid breakdown by acetylcholesterase. |
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Term
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Definition
Direct Cholinergic
GI tract atony
Stimulate uterine contractions in swine |
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Term
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Definition
Direct Cholinergic
Treats GI and urinary tract atony |
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Term
| Pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine, Akarpine, Pilocar) |
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Definition
Direct Cholinergic
Reduces glaucoma related intraocular pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Direct Cholinergic
Control vomiting, promote gastric emptying |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect Cholinergic
Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect Cholinergic
Treat urine retention, GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents. |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect cholinergic
Treat urine retention, GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents. |
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Term
| Organophosphate compounds |
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Definition
Indirect Cholinergic
Common insecticides |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect Cholinergic
Preventative management of glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect Cholinergic
Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis |
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Term
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Definition
Block action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor of PSNS.
Treatment of diarrhea and vomiting by decreasing GI motility.
Preanesthetic to dry secretions, prevent bradycardia.
Dilate pupils for ophthalmic examination.
Relieve ciliary spasms of the eye.
Treat sinus bradycardia. |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia.
Organophosphate antidote.
Dilate pupils.
Control ciliary spasms of eye.
Treat sinus bradycardia.
Slow hypermotile gut. |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Antidiarrheal |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Used to control diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Longer acting atropine |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Used to control vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats. |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, bradycardia, reduce colonic peristalsis (equine) for rectal examination |
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Term
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Definition
Anticholinergic
Cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication |
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Term
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Definition
Act on epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors.
Catecholamines and noncatecholamines. |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulate heart during arrest.
Reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock.
Strengthen heart during CHF.
Vasoconstriction for hypotension and capillary bleeding.
Urinary incontinence.
Reduce Muc Mem constriction in allergic conditions.
Prolong effects of local anesthetic agents through vasoconstriction, prolongs absorption.
Treat glaucoma (increases outflow and reduces production of aqueous humor) |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic.
Stimulates all receptors to increase heart rate and output, constriction of vessels in skin, dilation of vessels in muscle, dilation of bronchioles, increase in metabolic rate. |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic
Major alpha, minor beta stimulator.
Vasopressor |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic
Pure beta stimulator.
Bronchodilation |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic
Alpha stimulator.
Nasal vasoconstrictor. |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic
Precursor to epin and norepin, dose dependent action.
Treats shock and con heart failure, increase renal perfusion. |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic
Treats canine urinary incontinence. |
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Term
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Definition
Adrenergic
Beta-1 agonist, short term treatment of heart failure. |
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Term
| Ephedrine, terbutaline,albuterol |
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Definition
Adrenergic
Beta agonists, bronchodilators |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha blocker
Vasodilator
Laminitis
Treatment of urethral obstruction in cats. |
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Term
Tranquilizers
Acepromazine
droperidol |
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Definition
Alpha blocker
Vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Alpha blocker
xylazine anitdote |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha blocker
Antisedan
Reversal agent for medetomidine. |
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Term
| Alpha blocker adverse side effects |
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Definition
Hypotension
tachycardia
muscle tremors
seizures |
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Term
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Definition
Beta blocker
Treats cardiac arrhythmias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. |
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Term
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Definition
Beta blocker
Glaucoma treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Beta blocker
Treats cardiac arrhtymia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. |
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Term
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Definition
Tranquilizers
Barbiturates
Dissociatives
Opioid/antagonists
Neuroleptanalgesics/antagonists
Seizure control
Inhalants
CNS stimulants
Euthanasia agents |
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Term
Acepromazine maleate
Chloropromazine HCl
Promazine HCl
Prochorperazine/isopropamide |
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Definition
Tranquilizer
Phenothiazine Derivatives
Uses: treatment of vomiting, mild pruritis, sedation/tranquilization |
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Term
Diazepam
Midazolam
Alprazolam |
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Definition
Tranquilizers
Benzodiazipine derivatives
Uses: Treatment of anxiety and behavioral disorders, treatment of seizures, appetite stimulations, Diazepam also as an injectable anesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
Tranquilizer
Alpha-2 agonist
Uses: sedation, analgesia, short-term anesthesia, induction of vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
Tranquilizer
Alpha-2 agonist
Uses; Sedation and analgesia in horses |
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Term
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Definition
Tranquilizer
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
Uses: Facilitating clinical exams, minor surgery, minor dental procedures not requiring intubation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Controls pituitary gland, controls and regulates ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory & motor impulses between spinal cord and brain, controls vital physiological activity |
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Term
| Reticular activating system |
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Definition
| arouses cerebral cortex, responsible for consciousness, sleep, and wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha-2 agonist
Equine sedative and pre-anesthetic |
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Term
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Definition
Sedatives
anticonvulsants
general anesthetics
euthanasia |
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Term
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Definition
8-12 hrs
Phenobarbital
Anticonvulsant/prevention of epileptic seizures.
Class IV |
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Term
| Short-acting barbiturates |
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Definition
45 min - 1.5 hrs
euthanasia
Class II |
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Term
| Ultra-short acting barbiturates |
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Definition
5-30 minutes
Anesthesia
May cause tissue necrosis, CNS depression w/ rapid administration, CNS excitement w/ slow administration, cardiovascular depression. |
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Term
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Definition
Alter neurotransmitter activity resulting in depression of the thalamus, cerebral cortex, activating the limbic system.
Sedation, restraint, anesthesia |
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Term
| Dissociative Characteristics |
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Definition
Catalepsy
Amnesia
Analgesia
Maintains pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes
Increased muscle tone
cardiac stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
Ketamine (ketaset)
Tiletamine
Class III |
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Term
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Definition
Produce analgesia & sedation
Reduce anxiety & fear
Class II
Pre and Post-anesthetic
Antitussive
Antidiarrheal |
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Term
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Definition
MU-pain regulation, analgesia, euphoria, resp. depression, physical dependence, hypothermic actions
KAPPA- cerebral cortex & spinal cord; analgesia, sedation & miosis
SIGMA-struggling, whining, hallucinations & mydriatic effects
DELTA-modify mu receptor activity |
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Term
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Definition
Natural opioid
tx diarrhea (calves and foals) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Synth opioid
4-7x morphine |
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Term
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Definition
Synth opioid
partial mu agonist/antagonist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Synth opioid
100x morphine
transdermal patch available |
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Term
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Definition
Synth opioid
1000x morphine
zoo & exotic use |
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Term
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Definition
Synth opioid
10000x morphine
wildlife anesthesia |
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Term
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Definition
Synthetic opioid
Used w/Atropine as antidiarrheal |
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Term
|
Definition
Synthetic opioid
Used to induce vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone, conjunctival sac administration (eyeball pukey pill) |
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Term
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Definition
Synthetic opioid
antitussive |
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Term
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Definition
Synthetic opioid
antitussive |
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Term
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Definition
| Block effects of opioid by binding w/opiate receptors, displacing narcotic molecules already present, preventing further narcotic binding. |
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Term
|
Definition
Opioid and tranquilizer mixed
Uses: Sedation, restraint & anesthesia
Examples:
Fentanyl & droperidol
Acepro & Morphine
Acepro & oxymorphone
xylazine & butorphanol |
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Term
| Drugs for the prevention and control of seizures |
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Definition
Diazepam
Phenobarbital
Primidone
Phenytoin sodium
Clorazepate |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhalant
Rapid induction & recovery
Stable heart, does not lower cardiac output, <0.2 metabolized |
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Term
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Definition
Inhalant
Very rapid induction & recovery, used in high-risk small animals, 3% metabolized, expensive |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensitized heart to catecholamines which may result in cardiac dysrhythmias, 25% metabolized |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhalant
Slow induction & recovery
50% metabolized |
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Term
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Definition
Inhalant
Cannot produce general anesthesia alone |
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Term
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Definition
CNS drug
Adverse effects: apnea w/rapid administration, occasional seizure like activity, prolonged recovery, Heinz body production in cats w/ repeated use. |
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Term
| Guaitenesin/Glyceryl guaiacolate |
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Definition
CNS drug
Skeletal muscle relaxant effecting connecting neurons of spinal cord & brain stem
Adverse effects: hemolysis if concentrations >5% |
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Term
|
Definition
CNS stimulant
tx of resp depression or arrest
Adverse effects:Hypertension, seizures, hyperventilation |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Blocking Agents |
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Definition
Interfere w/ neuromuscular impulse transmission
Adjunct to general anesthesia & to facilitate intubation
Depolarizing agents: Succinylcholine chloride
Nondepolarizing agents: Tubocurarine, gallamin, pancuronium, vecuronium, atracurium |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiolytics, antidepressants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation anxiety, fears & phobias, unruliness, hyperactivity, OCD, cognitive dysfunction, inappropriate elimination |
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Term
|
Definition
Antianxietal
Tx: fear, phobia, separation anxiety, urine marking, appetite stimulation.
Agents: diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam |
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Term
|
Definition
Antianxietal
Control of spraying/marking, fear, anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
Antidepressants
Tx separation anxiety, obsess. disorders, fearful aggression, hypervocalization, marking, hyperactivity
Agents amitriptyline, clomipramine |
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Term
| Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
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Definition
Antiderpressants
Tx: obsessive disorders, phobias, aggression, separation anxiety
Agents: Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine |
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Term
| Monoamine oxidase-b inhibitors |
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Definition
Antidepressants
Tx: old dog dementia, canine cushing's disease
Agents: slsgiline |
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Term
|
Definition
Behavior Modifier
Tx: Spraying/marking, intermale & dominance aggression
Agents: Megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Pentobarvital sodium w/phenytoin |
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Definition
Euthanasia agent
Class III |
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Term
|
Definition
Euthanasia agent
nonnarcotic, nonbarbiturate, general anesthetic + local andesthetic + muscle paralytic |
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