Term
Name the 3 main growth classes of cells that comprise a tumor |
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Definition
1. dividing 2. temporarily non-dividing 3. permanently non-dividing |
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Term
chemotherapy kills a constant _________ of cells not a constant _______. |
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Definition
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Term
cell cycle phase specific drugs act within ___ phase(s) of the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
an agent that kills cells regardless of their phase in the cell cycle would be called a __________ drug. Its cytotoxicity relies on the cell ___________ or _____________. |
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Definition
cell cycle nonspecific, dividing, repairing its DNA |
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Term
the alkylating agent that is most important in veterinary medicine is ___________ |
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Definition
cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) |
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Term
name the 6 major classes of anticancer drugs |
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Definition
1. alkylating agents 2. Antimetabolites 3. Antitumor antibiotics 4. Plant alkaloids 5. Adrenal corticosteroids 6. Miscellaneous |
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Term
describe the mechanism of action of alkylating agents |
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Definition
they create covalent cross linking between DNA strands upsetting normal base pair arrangements |
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Term
list the 3 alkylating agents most commonly used in veterinary medicine |
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Definition
1. cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) 2. chlorambucil (leukeran) 3.melphalan (alkeran) |
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Term
what cancers is cyclophosphamide used for? |
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Definition
lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma |
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Term
what cancers is chlorambucil (leukeran) used for? |
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Definition
lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
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Term
what cancers is melphalan (alkeran) used for? |
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Definition
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Term
describe the mechanism of action of antimetabolites and if they are cell cycle phase specific or non-specific |
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Definition
these are structural analogues of normal metabolites needed for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. they are cell cycle phase specific ( most active in S phase) |
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Term
list the 6 most commonly used antimetabolites used in veterinary medicine |
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Definition
1. cytosine arabinoside 2. methotrexate 3. 5-fluorouracil 4. 6-thioguanine 5. 6-mercaptopurine 6. azathioprine |
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Term
what is cytosine arabinoside (cytosar-U) used to treat? |
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Definition
acute leukemia and lymphoma |
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Term
what is methotrexate (methotrexate) used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
what is 5-flurouracil (5-FU) used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
what is 6-thioguanine used to treat? |
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Definition
acute myelogenous leukemia |
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Term
what is 6-mercaptopurine (purinethol) used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
what is azathioprine (imuran) used to treat? |
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Definition
immune mediated hematologic diseases |
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Term
methotrexate is an antimetabolite that binds _______ thereby restricting availability of __________ which is necessary for DNA, RNA and __________ synthesis |
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Definition
dihydrofolate reductase, tetrahydrofolic acid (folic acid), protein |
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Term
describe the mechanism of action for antitumor antibiotics. are the cell cycle phase specific or non-specific? |
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Definition
they intercalate adjoining nucleotide pairs thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. they are cell cycle phase non-specific. |
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Term
name the 3 antitumor antibiotic drugs most commonly used |
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Definition
1. doxorubicin (adriamycin) 2. bleomycin (blenoxane) 3. actinomycin D (dactinomycin) |
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Term
doxorubicin (adriamycin) is used to treat? |
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Definition
lymphoma, leukemia, carcinoma, sarcoma |
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Term
bleomycin (benoxane) is used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
actinomycin D (dactinomycin) is used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
describe the mechanism of action of plant alkaloids and what plants they are extracted from |
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Definition
they damage the microtubular spindle proteins which results in metaphase arrest. they are produced from the periwinkle and may-apple plants. |
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Term
list the 4 most commonly used plant alkaloid drugs in chemotherapy |
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Definition
1. vincristine (oncovin) 2. vinblastine (velban) 3.vinorelbine (navelbine) 4. etoposide (VePesid) |
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Term
vincristine (oncovin) is used to treat? |
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Definition
lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma |
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Term
vinblastine (velban) is used to treat? |
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Definition
lymphoma, mast cell tumors |
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Term
vinorelbine (navelbine) is used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
etoposide (VePesid) is used to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
the two main roles of corticosteroids in cancer therapeutics are: |
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Definition
1. direct destruction of tumor cells with steroid receptors 2. control of paraneoplastic syndromes such as immune mediated hemolytic anemia |
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Term
how do tumor cells that are destroyed by glucocorticoids undergo cell death? |
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Definition
by activation of endonucleases that disrupt nuclear DNA triggering apoptosis |
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Term
megesterol acetate (sex steroid) is occasionally used as an _________. |
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Definition
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Term
describe the mechanism of action of cisplatin (platinol) and what cancers are treated with this. is it cell cycle phase specific or non-specific? |
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Definition
the platinum-chloride salt complex binds nucleotides resulting in inter and intrastrand crosslinking of DNA. it is used to treat osteosarcoma, carcinoma and lymphoma. it is cell cycle phase non-specific |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of carboplatin, what does it treat and is it cell cycle phase specific or non specific? |
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Definition
same MOA as cisplatin (crosslinks DNA strands), used in osteosarcoma, carcinoma and lymphoma, used more than cisplatin now, used in cats, cell cycle phase non-specific |
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Term
describe the mechanism of action of L-asparaginase (Elspar) and what it treats |
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Definition
it converts plasma asparagine to aspartic acid blocking protein synthesis. treats lymphoma and lymphoblastic leukemia. |
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Term
describe the mechanism of action of DTIC (decarbazine, DTIC) and what it treats |
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Definition
it acts as a alkylating agent and antimetabolite. works on malignant melanoma and lymphoma whe combined with doxorubicin. |
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Term
what is metronomic dosing of chemotherapeutic agents and what are the two primary goals of this treatment technique? |
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Definition
this is the continuous administration of small doses of cytotoxic agents. Goals: 1. anti-angiogenic effect 2. immunostimulatory effect |
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Term
name three indications for chemotherapy |
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Definition
1. primarily indicated for systemic and metastatic neoplasms 2. useful adjuvant treatment following incomplete excision 3. indicated for the control of micrometastatic disease following removal of tumor with know metastatic potential |
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