Term
| Physiologic functions of Calcium (3) |
|
Definition
- Component of bone and teeth
- Regulate muscle contraction
- Regulator of enzymes
|
|
|
Term
| Signs of calcium deficiency - chronic (2) & acute (6) |
|
Definition
Acute:
- Muscle weakness
- Muscle twitching
- Rumen stasis
- Anorexia
- Drowsiness
- Dilated pupils
Chronic
- Rickets (growing animals)
- Osteomalacia (adult animals)
|
|
|
Term
| Dietary sources of calcium (3) |
|
Definition
- Meat and bone meal
- Beet pulp
- Forages
|
|
|
Term
| Physiologic function of phosporous (5) |
|
Definition
- Component of bone and teeth
- Component of cell membranes
- Component of ATP
- Component of nucleic acids
- Enzyme regulation (via phosphorylation)
|
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Phosphorous Deficiency |
|
Definition
- Decreased bone mineralization
- Pica (eating non-food items, like dirt)
|
|
|
Term
| Dietary sources of phosphorous (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physiologic functions of Sodium (4) |
|
Definition
- Regulate osmotic pressure
- Maintain resting membrane potential
- Acid/base balance
- Amino acid and glucose absorption (cotransport)
|
|
|
Term
| Physiologic Functions of Potassium |
|
Definition
- Regulate osmotic pressure
- Maintain resting membrane potential
- Acid/base balance
|
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Potassium toxicity (2) |
|
Definition
In ruminants, increased sensitivity to:
- Hypocalemia (milk fever)
- Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) due to higher rumen pH = inhibited Mg absorption
|
|
|
Term
| Physiologic functions of Magnesium (3) |
|
Definition
- Cofactor for many (>300) enzymes
- Influences neurotranmitter binding
- Modulates Na+ and K+ channels
|
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Magnesium deficiency (6) |
|
Definition
- Hypomagnesemia (in the blood)
- Pricked ears
- Muscle twitching
- Stiff gait/staggering
- Teeth gringing, siezures
- Coma/death
|
|
|
Term
| What does Transferrin do? How? How much capacity is used in a normal animal? |
|
Definition
| Transferrin is the major iron transport protein. It binds Fe at two binding sites. In healthy animals, only 1/3 of binding sites are utilized. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Copper deficiency (5) |
|
Definition
- Anemia
- Neonatal Ataxia (Swayback disease)
- Twisting, kinking, discoloration of wool
- Defective collagen and elastin synthesis
- Oxidative damage
|
|
|
Term
| What is swayback disease? |
|
Definition
| Neonatal ataxia caused by copper deficiency |
|
|
Term
| How is copper deficiency tested? |
|
Definition
| Liver biopsy (plasma concentrations will remain WNL in deficiency states) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of zinc deficiency (8) |
|
Definition
- Parakeratosis
- Depressed immune function
- Growth retardation
- Impaired appetite and taste
- Delayed wound healing
- Fetal resorption and congenital defects
- Male reproductive issues
- Develepmental skeletal defects
|
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms/mechanisms of Parakeratosis?
|
|
Definition
Symptoms:
- Dermal lesions
- Depressed growth
Mechanism: inhibited absorption of trace minerals
|
|
|
Term
| How do you test for zinc deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of iron deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to test for iron deficiency (2) and mechanism |
|
Definition
1. Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
- Add endogenous Fe to measure add'l binding capacity of transferrin in the blood (normally only 1/3 bound)
- High TIBC indicates deficiency
2. Ferritin
- Iron storage molecule
- Sensitive b/c very low concentration in blood
- Correlates strongly to total body storage
|
|
|
