Term
What is the decision for a drug to be OTC or Rx based on?
|
|
Definition
| Based on the toxicity of the drug, the method by which the drug is used, and how adequately directions for use can be written so that the layperson can clearly and consistently understand them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orders given by the veterinarian to the technician for a client are technically drug "orders", NOT prescriptions. |
|
|
Term
| Who is allowed to write prescriptions? |
|
Definition
Legally, the veterinarian only.
However, the technician can fill drug orders and dispense medications as instructed by veterinarians within their practice. |
|
|
Term
For a prescription to be valid for a pharmacist, it must contain what items?
|
|
Definition
- Name of veterinary hospital OR veterinarian, address, and #.
- Date Rx was written.
- Clients name and address and species of animal.
- Rx symbol
- Drug name, concentration, and # of units to be dispensed.
- Sig.- directions for tx.
- Signature of vet
- DEA registration # if the drug is a controlled substance.
|
|
|
Term
| What information should be placed on a prescription label for drug dispensed from hospital? |
|
Definition
- Name, address, and # of hospital.
- Name of the client and address.
- ID of the animal.
- Drug name, concentration, and # of units to be dispensed.
- Clear instructions for dosage, frequency, route of administration, and duration of tx.
- Cautionary statements.(i.e.give on empty stomach.
- Specified withdrawal or discard times (for food animals)
|
|
|
Term
| What was it that enabled the FDA to require special packaging for drugs that may be dangerous to children? |
|
Definition
| The Poison Prevention Packaging Act fo 1970. |
|
|
Term
| A Veterinarian wants to dispense a medication in pill envelopes. Is this illegal? Why? |
|
Definition
No, it is not illegal.
Because current regulations apply to drug manufacturers and pharmacists but not veterinarians. |
|
|
Term
| What can still happen if pills are dispensed in pill envelopes? |
|
Definition
| If it is accessible to a child who ingests it, the veterinariann could theoretically be accused of negligence for placing the child at risk. |
|
|
Term
| What do veterinarians need to do if dispensing meds in pill envelopes? |
|
Definition
| They are morally and ethically obligated to inform clients when containers are not childproof and advise them to keep medication out of the reach of children. |
|
|
Term
| What can happen to drugs that are not stored in the proper temperature and light? |
|
Definition
| They can degenerate or become inactivated, providing little or no benefit. |
|
|
Term
| What can happen to insulin if it is shaken rapidly instead of being mixed by rolling in the palm of hand? |
|
Definition
| Physical disruption of the insulin molecule is possible. |
|
|
Term
| Why should insulin be rolled in the palm of your hand before use? |
|
Definition
| Rolling the med slowly between the hands resuspends the drug. |
|
|
Term
| What may happen is drugs are left on the shelf past its shelf life experation date? |
|
Definition
| The drug may be less effective. In some cases, such as with tetracycline, these expired drugs may actually become unsafe. |
|
|
Term
Temp. for drug storage-
Cold: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Temp. for drug storage-
Cool: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Temp. for drug storage-
Room Temp: |
|
Definition
| 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) |
|
|
Term
Temp. for drug storage-
Warm: |
|
Definition
| 30° to 40° C (86° to 104°F) |
|
|
Term
Temp. for drug storage-
Excessive heat:
|
|
Definition
| Greater than 40°C (104°F) |
|
|
Term
| "Cold" temperatures may include what? |
|
Definition
| May include temperatures below freezing. Unless the package or label states "do not freeze", the drugs classified as needing to be stored in cold temperatures are PROBABLY safe to freeze. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to some drugs when frozen? |
|
Definition
| Some drugs undergo a physical change resulting in a crystalline formation that is more difficuld to keep in suspension and causes pain on injection. |
|
|
Term
| How are drugs that are sensitive to light usually kept? |
|
Definition
| Kept in dark amber containers and have a notice on the label to not expose the drug to light. |
|
|
Term
| What form of drug are sensitive to moisture? Why? |
|
Definition
Tablets, and powders.
The binders and other inert ingredients that make up tablets may be sensitive to humidity, resulting in the tablet becoming soggy. |
|
|
Term
| What hazards to meds do ionizing radiation pose? |
|
Definition
| Ionizing radiation can destroy some complex drug molecules, and other drugs are destroyed by physical stress such as vibrations. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the client to discard any reconstituted meds not used at the end of the regemen? |
|
Definition
| These liquids often do not contain preservative agents to prevent bacterial growth if the container becomes contaminated after reconstitution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defined by law as a substance that has the potential for physical addiction, psychological addiction, and/or abuse. |
|
|
Term
| Potential abuse of C-ll drug? |
|
Definition
| Has a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe physical or phycological dependence. |
|
|
Term
| Potential abuse for C-l drug? |
|
Definition
| Has an extreme potential for abuse and no approved medicinal purpose in the US. |
|
|
Term
| Potential abuse for C-lll drug? |
|
Definition
| Has some potential for abuse but less than that of C-ll drugs, may lead to low to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence. |
|
|
Term
| Potential abuse for C-lV drugs? |
|
Definition
| Has a low potential for abuse; limited physical or phsycological dependence. |
|
|
Term
| Potential abuse for C-V drug? |
|
Definition
| Is subject to state and local regulation; low potential for abuse. |
|
|
Term
| Regulations for the prescribing, handling, and storing of controlled drugs are specified where? Enforced by who? |
|
Definition
| In the Controlled Substances Act or 1970. Enforced by the DEA. |
|
|
Term
| What must veterinarian have to Rx, use, prescribe, or buy controlled drugs? |
|
Definition
| DEA #. Must be included on all prescriptions or any order forms for schedule drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs cannot be called in to a pharmacy? Except when? |
|
Definition
C-ll drugs.
Except in an emergency, in which a written prescription must be provided with 72 hours. These drugs may not be refilled. |
|
|
Term
| How must controlled substance of schedule ll,lll, or lV rating that is dispensed from the veterinary hospital pharmacy be packaged? |
|
Definition
| Must be packaged in a childproof container, which must include on its label the following warning: "Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the [client and] patient for whom it was prescribed." |
|
|
Term
| What does the Controlled substance require you to do when dispensing, using, or ordering controlled drugs WITHIN the veterinary facility? |
|
Definition
| Requires a log be kept of controlled substances ordered, recieved, dispenced, and used with the vet facility. |
|
|
Term
How long must drug log records be maintained?
In what type of log? |
|
Definition
2 yrs.
In a book with bound pages that are numbered, (not a 3-ring binder) is advisable to show that the book could not have been altered.
PC logs can be legit if software allows only minor editing of log entries and creates an uneditable note file. |
|
|
Term
| Where can additional information on storing and handling controlled substances be obtained? |
|
Definition
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA),
local state DEA office,
or most of the pharmacies at veterinary school teaching hospitals in the US. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell poison or cell killing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs used to treat cancer, and antifungal agents, which are drugs used to treat fungal infections. (CYTOTOXIC) |
|
|
Term
| What can happen with improper handling of antineoplastic agents at therapeutic doses? |
|
Definition
| Can cause birth defects in the fetus of a pregnant vet professional or induce cancer or preneoplastic changes in animals and human beings. |
|
|
Term
| Who has developed guidelines for safe storage, use, and disposal of chemicals and drugs? |
|
Definition
| The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) |
|
|
Term
| Who offers a series of videotapes on general hospital procedures, some of which relate to handling cytotoxic agents? |
|
Definition
| American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step to protecting oneself from exposure to hazardous or cytotoxic drugs? |
|
Definition
| Understand how accidental exposure can occur. |
|
|
Term
| In what way may veterinary professionals be exposed to toxic drugs during routine procedures? |
|
Definition
- Absorption of the drug through the skin.
- Inhalation of an aerosolized drug as needle is withdrawn from a vial that is pressurized.
- Ingestion of food contaminated with drug by aerosolization or direct contact.
- Inhalation resultingfrom crushing or breaking of tablets and aerosolizing the drug powder.
- Absorption or inhalation during opening of glass ampules containing antineoplastic agents.
|
|
|
Term
| Who should be educated on safe handling and storage of hazardous drugs? |
|
Definition
| Everyone involved. And the vet is responsible for doing this. |
|
|
Term
| Who may dictate training on handling hazardous materials based of type of facility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MSDS Book should include what? |
|
Definition
MSDS sheet on every cytotoxic agent or hazardous compound used in the practice.
Package insert for every drug used in the practice.
Hospital policies and descriptions of procedures for handling a cytotoxic or hazardous drug spill or an exposure and routine disposal of drugs, contaminated syringes or equipment and empty vials. |
|
|
Term
| Where should cytotoxic drugs be stored? |
|
Definition
| Away from other drugs, with particular attention to environmental requirements such as temp. and exposure to light. |
|
|
Term
| What must every compound label have on it? |
|
Definition
| Easily read information about what the compound is, the hazards that it poses, and any additional precautionary info required or recommended by OSHA or other regulatory laws. |
|
|
Term
| Why should preparation of cytotoxic drugs be done just before administration of the drug to the patient? |
|
Definition
| To decrease the risk of the active prepared drug being spilled or otherwise contaminating the tx area. |
|
|
Term
| What guidelines should be followed for safe preparation, administeration, and disposal of toxic drugs? |
|
Definition
- Prepare in low traffic, well-ventalated area.
- Wear proper protective attire when preparing or administering the drug.
- Use IV lines and syringes with screw on attachments to prevent spills.
- Recheck the calculated dose.
- Confirm that the catheter is placed within the vein and is still patent.
- Place all syringes, IV lines, catheters, and discard vials in sealable plastic bags immediately after use.
- Place all items in leak-proof, puncture proof container designed for and labeled hazardous waste.
|
|
|
Term
Protective wear for working with toxic agents include what?
|
|
Definition
- A highly efficient Filter mask.
- Gloves for use with cytotoxic agents, or double layer of latex gloves, or gloves with lg. animal obstetric sleeves, to protect arms.
- A long-sleeved, nonporous gown with close-fitting cuffs over which the gloves are worn.
- Goggles
|
|
|
Term
| When working with cytotoxic drugs, what should always be kept readily available? |
|
Definition
A chemotherapy spill kit, which should include:
Protective clothing,
absorbent pads with nonporous backing,
a sharps container, and
a hazardous materials disposal bag. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any manipulation to produce a dose form of a drug in any form other than what is approved by the FDA. |
|
|
Term
| Because compounding produces a "new drug", what is it subject to? |
|
Definition
| Subject to all regulations for all new drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Is compounding permited by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act? |
|
Definition
| No, however, the Center for Veterinary Medicine, the FDA division that deals with vet matters, "achnowledges the medical need for compounding may exist within certain areas of the vet practice." And a selected # of human pharmacies now advertise that they perform compounding for veterinarians. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of compounding done by pharmacies: |
|
Definition
- Formulating drugs with flavored compounds so they are acceptable.
- Formulating drugs into capsules or tablets that are no longer available as human drugs.
- Formulating drugs into different forms (i.e. gels, pastes, dermal patches, suppositories)
- Formulating a raw chemical into a dose for administration to animals.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994)
Provides guidelines and regulations for compounding and use of compounded medications. |
|
|
Term
| When is compounding acceptable? |
|
Definition
| when the health risk to the general public is significant, such as from drug residues in food, regardless of potential benefit to the animal. |
|
|
Term
| Compounding of drugs must be done by who? |
|
Definition
| A veterinarian or pharmacist. |
|
|
Term
List guidelines for compounding drugs:
|
|
Definition
- Used within practice,
- Benefit to p outweigh the risks,
- Compounding is done by vet or pharmacist,
- A valid vet, client, p relationship exists,
- No drug residue violation can occur,
- Safety and efficacy of compound must be consistent with pharmaceutical and pharmacologic practice,
- Appropriate patient records maintained,
- Labeled correctly.
|
|
|
Term
| All compounded drugs must be labeled with what? |
|
Definition
- Name and Address of vet,
- Date drug is dispensed,
- Date of expiration,
- Medically active ingredients,
- ID of treated animal,
- Directions for use,
- Cautionary statements if needed,
- Withdrawel times if needed,
- Condition or disease med is for.
|
|
|
Term
| When a compound has been made, who is able to use the drug? |
|
Definition
| Only the vet, the client with whom it was made for and who a client patient doctor relationship exists with. May not be sold outside the vet practice. |
|
|
Term
What may dosage also be listed as?
What does this mean? |
|
Definition
Dosage range
Means that it allows the vet to select a dosage within this range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describes number of grams of drug in 100ml of liquid.
Thus 1% solution will have 1 gram per 100ml of liquid. |
|
|
Term
| If given a 2% solution, tell me how many mg/ml? |
|
Definition
2% = 2g per 100ml so...
convert the grams to mg which is 2000mg,
2000mg and divide by 100.
20mg/ml. |
|
|
Term
| Antineoplastic agents or drugs? |
|
Definition
Type of dangerous drugs used to treat cancer.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capable of producing birth defects; often considered to be similar to the term teratogenic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agent that interferes with normal embryonic development. |
|
|
