Term
| What should be part of every CBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 things are essential to accurately evaluate a blood film? |
|
Definition
Proper sample collection,
Slide preparation,
Staining,
And correct use of a high quality microscope. |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 important components of a CBC when evaluating: |
|
Definition
Evaluating the erythron,
The leukon,
The thrombon,
And the total protein concentration. |
|
|
Term
| What does the erythron include? |
|
Definition
| Hematocrit, total RBCs, hemoglobin concentration, absolute reticulocyte count, and RBC indices. |
|
|
Term
| What do they mean by RBC indices? |
|
Definition
| How many, and what they look like. |
|
|
Term
| What does the leukon include? |
|
Definition
Total WBC count, and a
5-part differential count including immature neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| What does the thrombon include? |
|
Definition
| Platelet count and platelet indices. |
|
|
Term
| When evaluating patients, who should receive CBCs? |
|
Definition
Every sick patient,
Patient with vague signs of disease,
Patient receiving long-term meds, preanesthesia,
For adult and geriatric profiles,
And as a recheck test where abnormalities were diagnosed. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of artifacts on a blood film include: |
|
Definition
| Poor blood collection techniques, inadequate sample volumes, prolonged sample storage, delayed sample analysis |
|
|
Term
| Proper blood collection is vital for what reason? |
|
Definition
| To prevent erroneous results from sample clotting and cellular lysis. |
|
|
Term
| Where should you collect blood from for a CBC and why? |
|
Definition
| Obtain samples from the largest blood vessel possible to minimize cellular trauma and prevent the activation of clotting mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
| Anticoagulants include what? |
|
Definition
EDTA,
Heparin, and citrate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred anticoagulant for blood film preparation and why? |
|
Definition
| EDTA. Because it preserves cellular detail better than other anticoagulants do and does not interfere with Romanowsky's staining of WBCs. |
|
|
Term
| What is a common cause of inaccurate hematologic results? |
|
Definition
| Inadequate sample volume. |
|
|
Term
| Why should you properly fill anticoagulated blood collection tubes? |
|
Definition
| To avoid falsely decreasing hematocrit and cell counts and to prevent RBC shrinkage. |
|
|
Term
| Why should hematologic samples be analyzed ASAP? |
|
Definition
| To prevent artifacts created by exposure to anticoagulants and cell deterioration due to storage and shipment. |
|
|
Term
| How soon should samples be analyzed? If they are not analyzed within this time what should be done? |
|
Definition
Within three hours.
If not refrigerate them at 39.2°F |
|
|
Term
| If a sample cannot be read within the allotted time why should it be refrigerated? |
|
Definition
| To avoid artificially increasing hematocrit, increased mean corpuscular volume, and decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. |
|
|
Term
| How soon after collecting blood should the blood films be made? Why? |
|
Definition
One hour.
To avoid morphologic artifacts. |
|
|
Term
| What can occur in aged samples? |
|
Definition
RBC crenation,
neutrophil hypersegmentation, lymphocytic nuclear distortion, and general WBC degeneration. |
|
|
Term
| What problems can be seen in stored blood film samples? |
|
Definition
Monocyte vacuolization, monocyte cytoplasmic, pseudopod formation ,
and platelet agglutination. |
|
|
Term
| What is recommended if using a reference laboratory for primary hematologic analyses? |
|
Definition
| Submitting freshly prepared blood films along with the anticoagulated blood. |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for a SLIDE used for blood film? |
|
Definition
NEW slide, must be free of fingerprints,
dust,
alcohol,
detergents,
and debris |
|
|
Term
| How big should the drop of blood for a blood film slide be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should blood be placed on the slide? |
|
Definition
| About 1 to 1.5 cm from the end of the slide. |
|
|
Term
| At what angle should the spreader slide be dropped to after coming into contact with blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What action disperses the sample along the edge of the spreader slide on a blood film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you change the length and thickness of the blood film? |
|
Definition
Change the angle of the spreader slide.
In anemia, increase angle,
In severe dehydration, decrease angle. |
|
|
Term
| How should a blood film be dried before applying stain? |
|
Definition
Air dry before applying stain,
Use a heat block (at the low setting), or a hair dryer. |
|
|
Term
| What should blood sample smears be kept away from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stain do most veterinary practices use for hematology and cytology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for modified Wrights Stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A three solution staining kit includes what solutions? |
|
Definition
| An alcohol fixative, an eosinophilic staining solution, and a dark-blue staining solution. |
|
|
Term
| Why should each practice have two separate Coplin stain jar sets |
|
Definition
| One for hematology and cytology. One for contaminated samples such as ear and fecal psychology. |
|
|
Term
| How many times so should a slide be dipped into the stain. |
|
Definition
| 5 to 10 times in each solution while blotting one edge briefly in between each solution. |
|
|
Term
| List 8 parts of a microscope: |
|
Definition
a.) Oculars
b.) Objectives
c.) Stage
d.) Condenser
e.) Iris Diaphragm
f.) Course and fine focus knobs
g.) Lamp
h.) Off/on switch-light intensity adjustment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a lens that concentrates the light source and focuses it through an object, and magnified by the objective lenses. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Iris Diaphragm do? |
|
Definition
| Limits the brightness of light reaching the focal plane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the knobs called that focus the object viewed? |
|
Definition
| Course and fine adjustment knobs. |
|
|
Term
| The on/off switch also serves as what? |
|
Definition
| A light intensity adjustment. |
|
|
Term
| What is ALWAYS done before lowering the stage? |
|
Definition
| Raise the condensor all the way, to avoid breaking it. |
|
|
Term
| When beginning with the microscope, after cleaning the objective, ocular and condenson lenses, what is the next step? |
|
Definition
Raise condensor all the way, and open the iris diaphragm.
Then, plug in scope. |
|
|
Term
| What is the counting area of a blood smear called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of a blood smear near the drop called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the wipes used to clean oil off the slide and stage called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What liquids can be used to clean the lenses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies are needed to do a blood film? |
|
Definition
2 glass slides,
Plain capillary tubes,
EDTA anticoagulated blood sample. |
|
|
Term
| How much of the slide should be covered when doing a blood smear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 5 problems seen in the actual blood smearing: |
|
Definition
Film too thin,
Film too short,
Film runs off slide,
Irregular streaked film,
Skipping and variation in thickness. |
|
|
Term
| How would you get a streaked or irregular film? |
|
Definition
Pusher slide had unever or pitted edge,
bottom slide is dirty,
Platelet clumps present (common in cats),
blood allowed to partially dry before smearing.
|
|
|
Term
| What is commonly found on cat blood film smears? |
|
Definition
| Streaked, irregular film. |
|
|
Term
| Why would you get a smear with marked skipping and variation in thickness? |
|
Definition
Too much pressure applied,
Slide pushed too slowly. |
|
|
Term
| Why might your blood run off the end of slide when smearing? |
|
Definition
Too much blood,
pusher slide angled too low. |
|
|
Term
| Why might your smear be too short? |
|
Definition
Insufficient sample,
angle of pusher slide too upright. |
|
|
Term
| Why might blood film be too thin? |
|
Definition
Severe decrease in WBC,
erythrocyte artifacts in monolayer. |
|
|
Term
What is the simplest and most accurate part of a CBC?
Why? |
|
Definition
A hematocrit/PCV
It checks for anemia and hydration status,
as well as other important info. |
|
|
Term
| When performing a PCV, how many microhematocrit tubes are used and how much are they filled? |
|
Definition
| 2 tubes filled 2/3 to 3/4 of the way full. |
|
|
Term
| What are the tubes called we use for PCV's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should the centrifuge be run at? |
|
Definition
Manufacturers directions,
or at 11,500 rpms for 5 minutes. |
|
|
Term
| When should a PCV be read after it is spun? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tube would you use if collecting directly from the body? |
|
Definition
| A heparinized microhematocrit tube. |
|
|
Term
List the layers of a PCV, starting at the bottom:
|
|
Definition
Clay plug,
RBC,
Buffy coat (WBC and platelets),
Plasma,
Air. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the line you are reading on a PCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should the results of one tube be within the results of the second tube? |
|
Definition
| Should be within 2 of each other. |
|
|
Term
| Where would you scan for microfilaria in a PCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to RBC count, what else should be taken note of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you get an angled line of separation in a PCV? |
|
Definition
| If the tube is left lying flat. Keep tube upright. |
|
|
Term
| Why would you not want to reuse slides for blood smears? |
|
Definition
| They have scratches, and other physical defects. |
|
|
Term
| How far should blood be placed from the frosted end of slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stain do most practices use for both hematology and cytology? |
|
Definition
| modified Wright's Stain (Romanowsky stain). |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 different solution used to stain a slide? |
|
Definition
An alcohol fixative,
an eosinophilic staining solution,
and a dark blue staining solution. |
|
|
Term
| What are the staining jar sets called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times should the slide be dipped into each solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should slide be rinsed with after staining? |
|
Definition
| Distilled water, then allow to air-dry before examination. |
|
|
Term
| What type of microscope is recommended for blood smears? |
|
Definition
| A binocular microscope with a minimum of 10x, 20x, and 100x, and 10x oculars. |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick area of a blood film called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area where about half the RBC's are touching each other without overlapping. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the slide it LOOKED at when reading a blood film? |
|
Definition
| Although the monolayer is the only zone where morphalogic evaluation of cells is performed, all three layers should be assessed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the feathered edge evaluated for? |
|
Definition
Microfilaria,
Platelet clumping,
Phagocytized organisms,
Atypical cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the body of a blood film evaluated for? |
|
Definition
rouleau formation, or
RBC agglutination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clumping of RBC's or bacteria. In this case RBC's. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cellular process of engulfing. |
|
|
Term
| Important RBC morphologic abnormalities include: |
|
Definition
Spherocytes,
schistocytes,
acanthocytes,
and leptocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What to look for when evaluating neutrophils? |
|
Definition
Toxicity,
presence or absence of a left shift (increased # or band neutrophils). |
|
|
Term
| Evaluate lymphocytes for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With practice, you can identify most important morphologic abnormalities in what objective? |
|
Definition
|
|
