Term
| Amphibian lungs are simple ___-like structures. They are the same or varied among amphibians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some salamanders have lungs that are composed of _______ walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In frogs and toads the wall of lung has numerous _____ & ______, that (increase, decrease) surface area. |
|
Definition
| folds and alveoli. increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| Frog and toad lungs are more or less efficient than salamander lungs? They also have increased v________. |
|
Definition
| more efficient and increased vascularization. |
|
|
Term
| Amphibians are positive or negative pressure breathers? How so? |
|
Definition
| positive. They pump air into lungs, rather than sucking it in, by a swallowing process. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Amphibians have a diaphragm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many amphibians, such as frogs, have a ______ (structure containing vocal cords). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do frogs make sounds? |
|
Definition
| By passing air back and forth over vocal cords between lungs and one or two vocal sacs in the floor of the mouth. |
|
|
Term
| Normally, which gender is more vocal? What purpose does this serve? |
|
Definition
| males, used to make advertisement calls to attract females and maintain territories. |
|
|
Term
| Do salamanders and caecilians vocalize? How do they (some) produce their sounds and what sounds are they? |
|
Definition
| NO, produce squeaks and clicks by exhaling. |
|
|
Term
| Frog calls are ________ specific. |
|
Definition
| species specific, can even have regional dialects. some frogs can identify individual frogs based on sound. They also produce warning sounds. |
|
|
Term
| In amphibians the heart receives both _________ and _______ blood. |
|
Definition
| oxygenated and deoxygentated |
|
|
Term
| True/False: It is more efficient if oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can be kept separate (double circulation). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amphibians have a _-chambered heart. What are the chambers of the heart? |
|
Definition
| 3 chambered. one ventricle and two atria. |
|
|
Term
| How does blood flow through the amphibian heart? |
|
Definition
| The deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium. The blood from the lungs enters left atrium. |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of having two atria? |
|
Definition
| Blood only partially mixes in ventricle. The majority of dexoygenated blood goes to the lungs. Majority of oxygenated goes to body. |
|
|
Term
| The amphibian heart represents the start of the "________ circulation pattern" of higher vertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adult amphibians are normally _______ although some larval amphibians are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frogs and toads will eat anything that _____. They are ______ (sense) feeders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many amphibians have well-developed ______ that attach to the front floor of mouth and produce sticky secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They have a (typical or atypical) digestive system seen in many higher vertebrates. |
|
Definition
| typical, containing stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca, liver and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Frogs are not a popular model for dissections. |
|
Definition
| False, they are very popular |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Frog brains are way more advanced than fish brains. |
|
Definition
| False, They have basic distinct lobes (cerebellum, cerebrum, etc.), but not very advanced over fishes. |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of cranial nerves do frogs have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most brain activity is in the dorsal portion of the ____brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior portion of the brain in amphibians is mostly oriented towards sight, sound, taste, or smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vomeronsal organ? (VNO) |
|
Definition
| It is an accessory olfactory organ located in an evagination of nasal passage in some salamanders and on the floor of the nasal cavity in frogs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the vomeronsal organ (VMO) used for? |
|
Definition
| It is used to sense specific airborn molecules (pheromones). Important in mate identification and triggers reproductive behaviors in some amphibians. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Vision is well developed in many amphibians (especially frogs and toads). |
|
Definition
| True. They are sight feeders. |
|
|
Term
| In frogs and toads the retina is specialized for what? |
|
Definition
| Detecting the movement of objects across the retina such as insects. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Amphibians eyes are very good at following their prey. |
|
Definition
| False, their eyes do not move but prey moves across field of vision. |
|
|
Term
| Frogs are very good at see colors and seeing in low light. Why? |
|
Definition
| They have both rods and cones. |
|
|
Term
| Frogs eyes can accommodate. What does this mean and how do they do it? |
|
Definition
| They can change focus for near or far vision. Do this by moving lens (in contrast to mammals which change shape of lens) |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Frogs do not need to keep eyes moist. |
|
Definition
| False. They have glands to keep them moist b/c they are in a terrestrial environment. |
|
|
Term
| What the glands called that keep their eyes moist? |
|
Definition
| Harderian glands (oily secretions that lubricate) |
|
|
Term
| Terrestrial forms of amphibians also have ______ that cover and protect the eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower eye of amphibians have a _________ membrane that does what? |
|
Definition
| nictitating membrane that moves across eye and washes it with secretions like a windshield wiper |
|
|
Term
| Some amphibians have a medial eye. What is this also known as? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pineal/3rd eye. It is photoreceptive and well-developed in frogs. helps with melatonin secretion. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pineal responsible for? |
|
Definition
| For the production of melatonin which is produced during the dark. Important for seasonal cycles (reproduction). |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Amphibians do not have ears. |
|
Definition
| False. They have very well developed ears. There is no external ear flap/canal but they have a large tympanic membrane, ear bone in the middle ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have a single middle ear bone (columella) that connects tympanic membrane to inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the middle ear bone that is homologous to stapes. |
|
|
Term
| Do salamanders and caecilians have a tympanic membrane, columella, and inner ears? |
|
Definition
| NO tympanic membrane, some have columella and have inner ears. |
|
|
Term
| The inner ear of amphibians have 3 pairs of what? what do they do? |
|
Definition
| 3 pairs of semicircular canals for detecting movements and body position. |
|
|
Term
| Do amphibians have a lateral line system? |
|
Definition
| Yes it is present in larval amphibians (and some adults). Some fully aquatic amphibians retain lateral line in adults. (Xenopus-the African clawed frog) |
|
|
Term
| True/False: The amphibian endocrine system is similar to that of higher vertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amphibians endocrine system includes the hypothalmus, pituitary, thyroid gland, etc. yes or no? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the thyroid gland do in amphibians? |
|
Definition
| It produces the hormone THYROXIN that is important for stimulating metamorphosis and molting. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you block the thyroid hormone thyroxin in tadpoles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In contrast to other "tetrapod" groups, amphibians need _______ environments to reproduce. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do amphibians need moist environments to reproduce? |
|
Definition
| The amphibian egg is composed of embryo, yolk, & a jelly layer. It lacks the protective membranes of say amniotic eggs. |
|
|
Term
| Most amphibians undergo metamorphosis. What is this? What stimulates this process? |
|
Definition
| It is the process by which they change from aquatic larval form to a more terrestrial adult form. Stimulated by thyroxin. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Some amphibians undergo metamorphosis in the egg and thus develop directly into adults in the egg. |
|
Definition
| True. This is called direct development |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Direct development occurs when the larval form directly develops into an adult through metamorphosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which era and period were there groups of early amphibian like tetrapod groups? |
|
Definition
| The Paleozoic era. e.g. The Carboniferous Period |
|
|
Term
| Class Amphibia has 3 basic groups. What are they? How many approximate species does Amphibia contain? |
|
Definition
| Apoda, Caudata, and Anura. There are ~6500 living species in these 3 groups. |
|
|
Term
| Clade apoda (gymnophiona) contain which animals? |
|
Definition
| The caecilians. Limbless amphibians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limbless amphibians, lack limbs and limb girdles, resemble worms, most have burrowing lifestyle, small eyes or blind, feed on worms and small invertebrates, ~200 species total. only in central/south america, africa, and asia |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Caecilians utilize external fertilization. |
|
Definition
| False. Use internal fertilization, reproduction varies among species (live young/eggs/direct development/etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caudata includes which animals? (4) |
|
Definition
| Salamanders, newts, sirens, & amphiuma |
|
|
Term
| How many species are there in Caudata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the majority occur throughout the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about Caudata limbs (as opposed to say a dog)? |
|
Definition
| Primitive limbs set at right angles to body, out to side rather than under, move in undulating fashion like fish. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: All caudata have gills at some point in their lives. |
|
Definition
| True. In most their gills degenerate when they undergo metamorphosis. In direct development may only be in egg |
|
|
Term
| What do caudata eat? How do some catch prey? |
|
Definition
| Small invertebrates such as worms, insects, etc. Some have extendable tongue like frogs. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: All caudata are nonpoisonous. |
|
Definition
| False. Many have toxic glands in the skin. Such as the rough skinned newt and red-spotted newt producing tetrodoxin. |
|
|
Term
| Caudata does not hear well (no tympanic membrane) but some species can use what organ to pick up vibrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes many can live for 10+ years with some reaching 30+. |
|
|
Term
| Where do caudata spend the majority of their time? |
|
Definition
| In freshwater habitats and/or moist terrestrial habitats. |
|
|
Term
| Caudata normally breed during which season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most (90%) caudata use what type of fertilization? |
|
Definition
| Internal. The males release a spermatophore and the female picks it up with the cloaca. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Caudata do not exhibit parental care. |
|
Definition
| False. Some species do exhibit parental care. |
|
|
Term
| What is paedomorphosis? (neoteny) |
|
Definition
| It is maintaining larval characteristics into adulthood. sexual maturity develops in larval body form. |
|
|
Term
| There are two types of paedomorphosis (neoteny). What are they? |
|
Definition
| Obligate paedomorphosis and Facultative paedomorphosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is obligate paedomorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Never undergoing metamorphosis. ex. Mudpuppy (Necturus) and the "sirens" always retain their larval forms |
|
|
Term
| What is Facultative paedomorphosis? |
|
Definition
| Undergoing metamorphosis depending on environmental conditions. The tiger salamander will undergo metamorphosis if a pond dries up. |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about "Axolotl" salamanders? |
|
Definition
| They do not normally undergo metamorphosis but can be stimulated to by injecting it with thyroxin |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Some salamanders can regenerate lost limbs making them the only vertebrates capable of regrowing lost limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Cane toads are an invasive species in America. |
|
Definition
| False. They are invasive in Austrailia. |
|
|
Term
| What is the allantois and what is it used for? |
|
Definition
| It is part of the reptilian egg that collects waste. It can also be used for respiration and gas exchange when combined with the chorion. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many amphibian species appear to be threatened/near extinction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reptile scales come from the dermis or epidermis? |
|
Definition
| They are epidermal scales. |
|
|
Term
| How pairs of cranial nerves does the reptile brain have? |
|
Definition
| 12 pairs like birds and mammals. |
|
|
Term
| How are dinosaur legs situated in relation to its body? |
|
Definition
| They are rotated under the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the amnion and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Part of the egg. It surrounds the embryo. Can be used for amniocentesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the amnion for testing purposes. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: The southeastern U.S. is one of the best places in the world to study salamanders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spotted salamander is very common around where? It is mostly _______ dwelling but migrates back to _______ for breeding. |
|
Definition
| Birmingham and Alabama, terrestrial-living in moist habitats but migrates back to ponds for breeding. |
|
|
Term
| The Red-spotted newt (eastern newt) is common in streams and ponds. Yes/NO? How many stages of life does it have? |
|
Definition
| Yes. It has 3 stages of life. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of life for the Red-spotted newt? |
|
Definition
| Aquatic larval stage, Terrestrial stage, and then adult aquatic stage. |
|
|
Term
| What do adult Red-spotted newts look like and where do they live? |
|
Definition
| They are aquatic. They have red spots on greenish bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the juvenile terrestrial dwelling 2nd stage red-spotted newt. It is brightly colored and very toxic. Lives on land for 1-3 years. Metamorphosis into aquatic adult with adult coloration and fin on tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the mudpuppy. It is an obligagte paedomorphic salamander. Permanently aquatic (retains gills and fin on tail). Common in AL |
|
|
Term
| What two species are the largest living amphibians? How long do they get? |
|
Definition
| Japanese and Chinese Giant Salamanders. Grow up to ~1.5m (5 feet). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Giant salamanders. |
|
Definition
| 5 feet long, flattened body with wrinkled skin, permanently aquatic but adults have lungs and lack gills. Believed to live for 30-50 years. Currently endangered. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: The Hellbender is the smallest North American salamander. |
|
Definition
| False. It is the largest North American salamander. 2.5ft in length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closely related to the giant salamanders. It can grow up to 2.5ft in length. Has flattened body and wrinkled skin (grey or brown). Permanently aquatic. Adults have lungs but no gills. Feeds on invertebrates,other amphibians, etc. Lives in cool clear rivers and creeks. Occurs in central eastern US (North AL) in Tennessee River drainage but numbers have been decreasing. |
|
|
Term
| The amphiuma is eel-like in appearance. Is it aquatic or terrestrial? How big is it? |
|
Definition
| It is primarily aquatic but will make brief excursions on land after heavy rains. Can grow to over 1m in length |
|
|
Term
| Does the amphiuma have legs? gills? lungs? |
|
Definition
| Yes. very small front and rear legs (too small for locomotion). Larval form has gills but they degenerate. The adults have lungs. Very sharp teeth and strong bite. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the amphiuma occur? |
|
Definition
| In the Southeastern US. Lives in swamps, ditches, and ponds. Can dig into muddy bottom and aestivates if the ditch, pond, or stream dries up. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Sirens are faculativie paedomorphoric species. |
|
Definition
| False. They are obligate paedomorphoric species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have eel-like body w/ gills. Small front legs but no back legs. ~0.9m in length. Occurring in swamps and ponds in Southeastern US. |
|
|
Term
| Do sirens have an adult form in aquatic environments? |
|
Definition
| NO they remain in larval form. |
|
|
Term
| What does the green sea turtle eat? What is it known for? |
|
Definition
| Plants. It is used to make a green soup. That is how it got its name. From the color of the soup not the color of the turtle. |
|
|
Term
| How big are crocodilians? Do they lay eggs? How many species are there? |
|
Definition
| 20-25ft, all lay eggs, 23 species |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Kemps Ridely Sea Turtle live? Is it endangered? |
|
Definition
| Lives in the nothern Gulf of Mexico. It is HISTORICALLY endangered. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: The Leatherback sea turtle is the largest in the world. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The leatherback sea turtle occurs where? What does it feed on? |
|
Definition
| In open oceans. It eats jellyfish |
|
|
Term
| Where does the loggerhead turtle nest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: The southeastern US has the largest population of loggerhead turtles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Hawksbill sea turtle habit? What does it eat? What is it known for? How did it get its name? |
|
Definition
| Coral reefs. Eats sponges. Tortoise shell jewelry came from this turtle (shell design). Hawk like beak. |
|
|
Term
| What are mammal like reptiles called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lungless salamander clade called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest family of salamanders (over 220 species)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lungless salamanders called lungless? |
|
Definition
| Adults have no lungs or gills. |
|
|
Term
| How does the Plethodontid (lungless) salamanders breathe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are blind cave salamanders found? Are they obligate or faculative paedomorphic? |
|
Definition
| Found in limestone caves in many parts of the US and Austrailia. They are obligate. |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about blind cave salamanders (2)? What do they feed on? |
|
Definition
| Their skin lacks chromatophores (white or clear skin). Have eyes only during early larval development. They feed on invertebrates and plankton. |
|
|
Term
| What animals compose clade Anura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most successful group of amphibians? How many species? |
|
Definition
| Anura-Frogs and toads. 4500-5500 species. Range throughout Northern and Southern hemispheres. |
|
|
Term
| What is the size range of Anura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anura bodies are short or long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the skeleton and muscles of Anura? |
|
Definition
| They are specialized for jumping. |
|
|
Term
| How does Anuran bodies help them jump? |
|
Definition
| Large strong hing legs, short bodies with strong backbone, lack of tail. |
|
|
Term
| Frogs are what kind of feeders? |
|
Definition
| Sight feeders. uses sticky mucous tip of tongue to catch prey |
|
|
Term
| What do frogs do during the cold winter months? |
|
Definition
| They hibernate at the bottom of ponds or streams or in burrows in moist soil near ponds. They emerge in spring to breed. |
|
|
Term
| Which gender returns to the breeding pond first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Males uses sounds to attract female. Grasp females near or in water (amplexus) which stiumulates females to release eggs (200-5000) in about 10 min. Males release sperm simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
| Do frogs use external or internal fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tadpoles emerge from egg from 2-30 days later. Initially, tadpoles have external _______ that are later internalized. They are _______ feeding on ______ for ~ 1 to 12 months. |
|
Definition
| gills. herbivores feeding on plants and algae |
|
|
Term
| Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis turning into adults. How long does this take? |
|
Definition
| 2-8 weeks depending on species. |
|
|
Term
| Normally, a young frog will take from _ to _ years to reach sexual maturity (in some species). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many species of frogs can live for __ years or more in captivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Frogs have amplexus and external fertilization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mating position in which the male climbs on female and clasps her around her back. |
|
|
Term
| In a few species frogs undergo metamorphosis inside the egg. What is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what toad do the eggs undergo direct development while in "brood pouches" on the mother's back? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what frog do the males guard the eggs and then take the tadpoles into vocal sac, in which they develop and undergo metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are gastric breeding frogs? |
|
Definition
| Two species of frogs that undergo direct development in the stomach then emerge as small frogs from the mouth. These two species appear to now be extinct. |
|
|
Term
| The Brazilian Gold Frog (Psyllophryne didactyla) & the Cuban Frog (Eleuthreodactylus iberia) represent some of the _________ adult frogs and the smallest known _________ of about _ cm in length. |
|
Definition
| smallest adult frogs, smallest known tetrapods, about 1 cm in length |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest frog in the world? How big is it? |
|
Definition
| The Goliath frog of West Africa (Rana goliath). Several feet in length and weigh up to 7 lbs. Eats small mammals and birds. Currently endangered |
|
|
Term
| What family do poison arrow/dart frogs belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species of poison dart/arrow frogs are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the poison glands in poison dart frogs? |
|
Definition
| In the skin. Containing toxins such as batrachotoxin which opens Na+ channels. |
|
|
Term
| Most poison dart frogs have what kind of coloration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are poison dart frogs native to? |
|
Definition
| Central and South America. |
|
|
Term
| Name some frogs common in the US. |
|
Definition
Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens/utricularia)
Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana)
Tree frogs (Hyla)
Toads (Bufo) |
|
|
Term
| Leopard frogs are common where? Many are used in what? |
|
Definition
| North America including Alabama, used in research and testing |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the Bullfrog? |
|
Definition
| It is the largest frog in North America. Growing to 8 inches in length |
|
|
Term
| Tree frogs have what color? What is unique about their feet? |
|
Definition
| Green to match leaves. Toes have sticky pads on them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plump anurans with rough "warty-like" skin. Have parotoid glands. |
|
|
Term
| What are parotoid glands? |
|
Definition
| Bulging glands on the back, behind the eyes of toads which secrete toxins to discourage predation. Bufotoxin in cane toads. |
|
|
Term
| Name two amphibians that have become pests. Where have they become pests at? |
|
Definition
| Cane toad (Bufo marinus) aka the Marine toad. Australia. And the Xenopus (African Clawed frog). California |
|
|
Term
| What were Cane toads imported to Australia for? |
|
Definition
| 102 toads were shipped into Australia in 1935 in hopes of eating 2 species of beetles that were devastating the sugar cane industry. Beetles diurnal, toads nocturnal. Toads did not like sugar cane fields |
|
|
Term
| What was the Xenopus (African Clawed frog) used for? |
|
Definition
| Was originally used in pregnancy tests during the 1950s. Urine from a pregnant female would stimulate ovulation and spawning in the frog. They were accidently released in Californian lakes and have displaced many naturally occurring frogs. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of economic uses of amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Aquaculture of giant salamanders. Frog legs. |
|
|
Term
| Historically, where were frogs extensively hunted for sale as a food resulting in a great increase in insect populations causing the price of insect control to be more than the profit from frog leg sales? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Amphibians have been increasing dramatically over the past few decades. |
|
Definition
| False. There have been drastic declines in some amphibian populations worldwide. 30% are threatened and over 40% are in decline. |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of frog legs have Indonesia exported per year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for the decline of amphibians? |
|
Definition
| Loss of habitat, pathogenic fungus (Chytrid), pollution, insecticides, increased UV exposure, disease. |
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Term
| What kind of group are is Reptilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most primitive vertebrate that has fully adapted to a terrestrial existence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are reptiles better suited to a full terrestrial existence than amphibians? |
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Definition
Amniotic egg that does not dry out
Water tight skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A membranous sac that surrounds the embryo. It is liquid-filled and provides an aquatic environment for embryo and protection against desiccation and injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fibrous/protective membrane that surrounds entire internal portions of egg (embryo, yolk,etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane that collects waste. Portions of the allantois and the chorion fuse and are highly vascularized. Responsible for respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| A highly vascularized membrane that surrounds yolk. Yolk proteins and lipids are picked up by blood from the yolk and delivered to embryo. Food supply for embryo and hatchling. |
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Term
| Reptile skin is watertight due to proteins (keratin) and lipids in the skin. It normally lacks what kind of glands that amphibians have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Reptilian scales originate from where? |
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Definition
| The epidermis in contrast to fish which are dermal. |
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Term
| The outer layer of the scales (stratum corneum) is composed of what? |
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Definition
| Cornified epithelium (dead cells filled with keratin) |
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Term
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Definition
| The periodic shedding of the outer layer of the epidermis. Occurs regularly in snakes, lizards, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to growth and to replace worn scales. |
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Term
| Reptile skin also has what located in the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Reptilian skeleton is more suited to terrestrial existence than amphibians. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the reptilian skelton better suited to terrestrial existence? |
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Definition
| It is stronger with better developed pelvic and pectoral girdles and limbs. |
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Term
| Lizards and turtles have legs that are generally positioned where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alligators and crocodiles have limbs positioned where? |
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Definition
| Partial rotation of limbs under the body. |
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Term
| The reptile skull has how many occiptal condyle? How about amphibians? |
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Definition
| one. amphibians have two. |
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Term
| The jaws of reptiles are adapted for what? |
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Definition
| Gripping, crushing, and ripping tissue from prey |
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Term
| True/False: Reptiles have weak jaw muscles. |
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Definition
| False. They have large, strong jaw muscles as opposed to bony fishes and amphibians. |
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Term
| True/False: The reptilian brain is large, composing 20% of the animals body weight. |
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Definition
| False. It is small, generally less than 1% of body weight. |
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Term
| True/False: Reptiles are the first vertebrates with a "true cerebral cortex." |
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Definition
| True. Shows basic features of the mammalian brain |
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Term
| Reptilian brains show a shift in brain activity from where to where? |
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Definition
| Midbrain to cerebrum. This is accompanied by increase in size of cerebrum. |
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Term
| How many pairs of cranial nerves do reptiles have? |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False (2 parts): Some reptiles have a very well developed pineal gland/third eye. Crocodiles have the most well developed pineal gland of any vertebrate. |
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Definition
| True. False. The tuatara has the most well developed pineal gland. |
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Term
| What type of heart do most reptiles have? |
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Definition
| 3 chambered with a ventricle that is partially divided by a muscular ridge that helps keep oxygenated and dexoxygenated blood separate. |
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Term
| What type of heart do crocodilians have? |
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Definition
| They have a true four chambered. It allows for separation of oxygenated & deoxygenated. |
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Term
| How do reptiles thermoregulate? |
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Definition
| They are ectotherems/poikilotherms meaning they are cold blooded. Their temp varies with environment |
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Term
| What is the exception to the ectothermic rule that applies to reptiles? |
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Definition
| The leatherback sea turtle retains its body heat even in cold waters. |
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Term
| True/False: Reptile kidneys are less advanced that amphibians and fishes. |
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Definition
| False. They are more advanced. Similar to birds and mammals. |
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Term
| Reptilian kidneys are similar to birds and mammals except their nephrons do not have what? |
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Definition
| Loops of Henle. Urine cannot be concentrated. |
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Term
| What do some reptiles have to help rid body of excess salt? |
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Definition
| salt glands. Marine iguanas have nasal salt glands. Turtles have lacrimal salt gland in orbit of eye. Some crocodilians have salt gland under tongue. |
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Term
| What do reptiles use for respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is different about the lungs of reptiles compared to the lungs of amphibians? |
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Definition
| They have more surface area than amphibians |
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Term
| Reptiles use what to expand and contract their chest to inhale and exhale? |
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Definition
| intercostal muscles that attached to their ribs |
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Term
| What kind of breathers are reptiles, negative or positive pressure? |
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Definition
| They are negative pressure breathers like mammals. Use diaphragm to lower pressure in longs |
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Term
| Some reptiles can use leg, body, and head movements to help ventilate lungs. What is an example of this? |
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Definition
| A turtle pulling its limbs into its shell. |
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Term
| Do reptiles have a true diaphragm? |
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Definition
| NO they do not. But it is homologous to a mammalian diaphragm. Crocodiles have a diaphragm-like structure but it is not homologous to mammasl |
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Term
| The first reptile fossils are from what period? |
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Definition
| Carboniferous period about 340 million years ago. |
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Term
| Why did reptiles develop? What conditions were there? |
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Definition
| It was a time when there was a great increase in the number of plants and insects in the terrestrial environment. |
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Term
| Three basic lineages of reptiles appear during the late Paleozoic Era. They are classified by their skull morphology. What are the 3 lineages? |
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Definition
| Anapsids, Synapsids, and Diapsids |
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Term
| What are anapsid reptiles? |
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Definition
| Anapsids have no temporal openings. They appear to be the most primitive. Turtles are anapsids |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapsids have one temporal opening on each side of skull. Mammal-like reptiles (therapsids) were synapsid. All mammal-like reptiles appear to be extinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diapsids have two temporal openings on each side of the skull. Lizards, snakes, crocs, and tuataras are diapsids. |
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Term
| What is the current definition of "reptiles"? |
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Definition
| amniotic vertebrates which are not birds or mammals. |
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Term
| True/False: Crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards, snakes, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| What era is referred to as the "Age of Reptiles"? |
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Definition
| Mesozoic era. But by the end of the Mesozoic Era many groups of reptiles became extinct. |
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Term
| What era(s) did the synapsid reptiles occur? |
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Definition
| Late Paleozoic Era and in the early Mesozoic Era. |
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Term
| Give two examples of synapsid reptiles that are now extinct. |
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Definition
| Pelocosaurs (Dimetrodon). Predatory pelycosaur w/ large head & teeth. Had fin/sail used for thermoregulation/display. 2) Therapsid. group of mammal-like reptiles. Both only had one middle ear bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of mammal-like reptiles with limbs rotated under the body. Skeleton, jaws, and skull shows features similar to mammals. Only had one middle ear bone (3 is a characteristic of true mammals). |
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Term
| What are the flying reptiles called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the Pterosaurs (flying reptiles) occur? |
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Definition
| During the Jurassic and Cretaceous (middle to late Mesozoic era). |
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Term
| What were the first flying vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Pterosaurs mean? |
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Definition
| Means winged lizard/flying lizard. These are not lizards nor dinosaurs though. |
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Term
| How were Pterosaur wings different from birds? |
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Definition
| The fourth finger was extremely long and supported a wing membrane of skin. Did not have feathers. Other fingers on wings had claws. |
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Term
| There have been "sparrow-sized" pterosaurs and some with wing spans up to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the largest Pterosaur? |
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Definition
| Quetzalcoatlas (Quet-zal-coat-las) |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized marine reptiles (Icthy-fish) that existed during the Jurassic and Cretaceous) |
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Term
| What did Ichthyosaurs look like? |
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Definition
| They resembled dolphins with a large dorsal fin. Most had large tail fins (vertical like sharks not horizontal). Had fore & hind limbs formed into paddle-like fins. Large eyes and teeth. Live bearers. Some up to 33 ft. |
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Term
| Plesiosaurs and Pliosaurs were? |
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Definition
| Marine reptiles that existed in Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. Long bodies with long flipper-like limbs. Used flippers to "fly" through water. Oviparous. Up to 44ft. |
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Term
| Plesiosaurs had longer or shorter necks and large or small heads? |
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Definition
| Long necks and small heads. (Long name) |
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Term
| Pliosaurs had long or short necks and large or small heads? |
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Definition
| Short necks and huge head and jaws. |
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Term
| What is Kronosaurus and what is it known for? |
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Definition
| It is a Pliosaur that had a skull of up to 8 ft in length. |
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Term
| What does the term Dinosaur mean? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A diverse group of reptiles from the triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous (Mesozoic Era). |
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Term
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Definition
| Legs rotated under their body due to changes in pelvis and leg bones. |
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Term
| Approximately how many species of dinosaurs existed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did dinosaurs reproduce? |
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Definition
| Some laid eggs. Some appeared to exhibit parental care such as the Hadrosaurs. |
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Term
| Which dinosaurs exhibited parental care? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the Theropod dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Bidped predatory dinosaurs such as T-Rex, Rapter. Most structurally similar to birds. |
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Term
| What were the Sauropod dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| The largest of the dinosaurs and largest animals ever in terrestrial environment. Apatosaurus (Brontosaurus) up to 70ft in length and 30 tons. |
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Term
| How big were the largest sauropods? |
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Definition
| Up to 120 ft and over 50 tons. |
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Term
| Were sauropods carnivores or herbivores? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sauropods are suggested to have very large hearts. How big? |
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Definition
| 4 chambered 500 liter heart |
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Term
| What were the Stegosaurs? |
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Definition
| group of herbivorous dinosaurs w/ large plates extending from back. Had spikes on tail. Could grow up to 26 ft in length. |
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Term
| What were the Hadrosaurs? |
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Definition
| Duck billed dinosaurs. Laid eggs and exhibited parental care. Som ehad elaborate crests of bone on their heads. Used to make sounds. |
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Term
| What is the only cold blooded amniotic group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the K/T mass extinction? |
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Definition
| It is a mass extinction that caused many groups of ancient reptiles and other vertebrates and invertebrates to become extinct. |
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Term
| When and where did the K/T mass extinction occur? |
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Definition
| End of Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago). Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico |
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Term
| What is hypothesized to occur? |
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Definition
| Asteroid collision with Earth. Caused a huge dust cloud that decreased sunlight for long period of time. |
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Term
| What is some evidence for Asteroid hypothesis of K/T? |
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Definition
| Iridium anomally-Iridium (rare on earth no asteroids) is found in abundance in sediments from end of Cretaceous period. Shocked quartz- quartz etched under extreme pressure. Tekite glass- small nodules of glass produced by melting not normally found on earth. |
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Term
| How big is the asteroid hypothesized to be? |
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Definition
| 6-9 miles in diameter. Creating a crater 120 miles in diameter. Impact is well accepted but effect on mass extinctions is still unclear. |
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Term
| How many living reptiles are there? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 4 groups of Reptiles? |
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Definition
| Sphenodonta, Crocodilia, Chelonia, & Squamata. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: The tuatara is more advanced than other reptiles. |
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Definition
| False. It appears to be more primitive (unspecialized). |
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Term
| The tuatara is a living ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the tuataras teeth unique? |
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Definition
| Serrated projections from jaw. not separate teeth. 2 rows of upper teeth, one row of bottom teeth. |
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Term
| The vertebrate structure of tuataras are closer to fish & amphibians or reptiles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do tuataras have an ear drum or opening? Is the middle ear well developed? Does it have any ear bone? |
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Definition
| No. Middle ear not well developed. Does have one inner ear bone (stapes) but it is immovable. |
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Term
| Do tuataras have a male copulatory organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many living species are there of tuataras? |
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Definition
| 2. Occur in New Zealand on the islands. |
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Term
| Are tuataras slow growing or fast? How long to sexual maturity? |
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Definition
| Slow, takes 20 years to reach sexual maturity. Some may live 100+ years. Can reproduce at 70 to 80 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| up to 30 inches in length and 2.2 lbs in weight |
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Term
| What is special about tuataras? |
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Definition
| Very well-developed pineal gland/third eye, with lens and retina on top of forehead. Covered by a small layer of skin. can only see light intensity. |
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Term
| How many tuataras can live in their burrows (can be large number of burrows in a colony)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How often do adult female tuataras nest? |
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Definition
| every 2-5 years. Oviparous and lay eggs. |
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Term
| How long do tuatara eggs take to hatch? |
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Definition
| 12-15 months. longest of any vertebrates. |
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Term
| Do tuataras have temperature dependent sex determination? |
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Definition
| Yes they do. Warm temps produce males and cold temsp females. |
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