Term
| 4 key derived characteristics of all chordates |
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Definition
1. notochord
2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3. pharyngeal slits or clefts
4. muscular, post-anal tail |
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Term
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Definition
a longitudinal, flexible rod between
the digestive tube and nerve cord |
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Term
| What does the embryonic nerve chord develop into? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grooves in the pharynx that develop into slits to open to the outside |
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Term
| Functions of pharyngeal slits |
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Definition
1. suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
2. gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
3. develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods |
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Term
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Definition
| lancelets: blade-shaped suspension feeders |
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Term
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Definition
tunicates: "sea squirts".
-lose their chordate characteristics after larval stage |
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Term
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Definition
chordates with a head, developed from cells starting in the "neural crest". Have:
1.brain and sensory organs
2. heart (2+ chambers)
3. kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| hagfish- the most basal craniates witha cartilaginous skull and no jaw. |
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Term
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Definition
1. complex cranium
2. endoskeleton + backbone (enclosing a spinal chord) |
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Term
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Definition
lampreys:
1. jawless external parasites
2. cartilaginous segments arching over notochord and partly over nerve cord |
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Term
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Definition
belong to gnathostomes (vertebrates with jaws and mineralized skeletons).
Possess enlarge forebrain and lateral line system |
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Term
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Definition
| used for sensing vibrations in the water |
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Term
| Shared derived characteristics of chondrichthyes |
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Definition
1. a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage(they are cartilaginous fishes, most marine predators)
2. their body is protected by a leathery skin embedded with tiny scales
3. they respire using gills and have a two-chambered heart
4. they have internal fertilization, in which the male deposits sperm directly into a female’s reproductive tract
5. no swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
Bony fish.
1. Breathe by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum
2. have a swim bladder
3.oviparous (lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother) |
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Term
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Definition
| ray finned fish (e.g. tuna, clownfish, sea horse) |
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Term
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Definition
| a.k.a. coelacanths (lobe finned) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lungfish. A lobe-finned fish that gave rise to tetrapods |
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Term
| 5 Key derived characteristics of tetrapods |
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Definition
1. four limbs, and feet with digits
2. a neck, which allows separate movement of the head
3. fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
4. the absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
5. ears for detecting airborne sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a "fishapod" that shows both fish and tetrapod characteristics |
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Term
| 5 Shared derived characteristics of Amphibia |
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Definition
1. exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations
2. usually need water to reproduce
3. typically undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larva to a terrestrial adult
4. were the first vertebrates to colonize land
5. most have moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. named for the amniotic egg
2. relatively impermeable skin and the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
3. reptiles (and birds) + mammals |
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Term
| 5 Components of the amniotic egg |
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Definition
1. embryo
2. amnion
3. chorion
4. yolk sac
5. allantois |
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Term
| 3 Shared derived characteristics of Reptilia |
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Definition
1. most are ectotherms (except birds)
2. scaled, waterproof skin
3. shelled eggs (on land) |
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Term
| 5 Shared derived characteristics of mammals |
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Definition
1. hair
2. mammary glands that produce milk to nourish the young
3. high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
4. larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
5. differentiated teeth |
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Term
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Definition
1. monotremes, egg-laying mammals
2. marsupials, pouched mammals with a placenta
3. eutherians, placental mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| monkeys and apes (from the larger clade of primates) |
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Term
| 5 shared derived characteristics of primates |
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Definition
1. hands and feet adapted for grasping
2. a large brain and short jaws
3. forward-looking eyes close together on the face providing depth perception
4. excellent eye-hand coordination
5. complex social behavior and extensive parental care |
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Term
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Definition
1. Africa or Asia
2. No prehensile tail
3. nostrils open down |
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Term
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Definition
1. South American
2. Prehensile tail
3. Nostrils open to the sides |
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Term
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Definition
1. gibbons
2. orangutans
3. gorillas
4. chimpanzees
5. bonobos
6. humans |
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Term
| When did apes diverge from old world monkeys? |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguishing characteristics of humans (versus other apes) |
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Definition
1. upright posture
2. bipedal locomotion
3. larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex
tools
4. reduced jaw bones / jaw muscles
5. shorter digestive tract |
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Term
| What first genus of anthropoids walked erect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"Handy Man"
-had a larger brain and stature than Australopithecus
-made stone tools |
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Term
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Definition
-First to leave Africa (1.8 m.y.a)
-Taller and larger brain than H. Habilis
-gave rise to Neanderthals |
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Term
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Definition
-First fully bipedal, large brained hominin
-significant decrease in sexual dimorphism |
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Term
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Definition
1. Thick boned
2. Large brained
3. Buried their dead
4. Made hunting tools
5. European and the Near East |
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Term
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Definition
1. Emerged from Africa
2. Oldest fossils are 160-200,000 years old |
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Term
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Definition
Modern humans originated in Africa
from a population that left Africa and split into three broad groups, which then spread throughout the world |
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Term
| 3 major stages of cultural evolution |
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Definition
1. nomads who were hunter-gatherers made tools, organized communal activities, divided labor, and crafted art
2. the development of agriculture in Africa, Eurasia, and
the Americas, about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago
3. the Industrial Revolution, which began in the 1700s |
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