Term
| About how many extant species are there today? |
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Definition
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Term
| When were the earliest vertebrates believed to have lived? |
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Definition
| Early Cambrian period (540 mya) |
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Term
| What 3 things does species diversity reflect? |
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Definition
- Genetic Diversity
- Diversity in life history, styles and modes of reproduction
- Diversity in structural, physiological and behavioral adaptations
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebrate that depends on solar radiation for body heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebrate that depends on metabolic heat |
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Term
| What are the 12 clades of the major extant groups of vertebrates? |
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Definition
- Myxinoidea
- Pteromyzontidea
- Chondrichthyes
- Actinopterygii
- Actinistia
- Dipnoi
- Amphibia
- Testudines
- Lepidosauria
- Crocodilia
- Aves
- Mammalia
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Term
| About how many plants and animals have gone extinct in historical time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of mammals are currently a threatened species? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of birds are currently a threatened species? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of reptiles are currently a threatened species? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of amphibians are currently a threatened species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of fish are currently a threatened species? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total percentage of species threatened today? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 6 major threats to biodiversity? |
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Definition
- Habitat Alteration
- Invasive Species
- Pollution
- Over Hunting
- Disease
- Climate Change
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Term
| What are 7 causes of habitat alteration? |
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Definition
- Clearing of land for development
- Deforestation
- Overgrazing
- Mining of minerals
- Hydroelectric dams
- Fire Suppression
- Erosion
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Term
| How much wetland area has been lost in the U.S. due to habitat alteration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is habitat fragmentation? |
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Definition
| Breaking up of an original habitat into unconnected habitat fragments |
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Term
| What are some invasive species? |
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Definition
- Mosquito fish
- Brown tree snake
- Cane toad
- European straling
- Sea lamprey
- Wild boar
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Term
| What percentage of U.S. streams contain pollutants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 vertebrates that have gone extinct as a result of over harvesting? |
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Definition
- Passenger Pigeon
- Tasmanian wolf
- Atlantic gray whale
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Term
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Definition
| Scientific study of life with an emphasis on the identification of species, the construction of evolutionary relationships and classification |
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Term
|
Definition
| Practice of naming and classifying organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
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Term
| What is a phylogenetic tree? |
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Definition
| Diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of species descending from a recent common ancestor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of species that share some degree of overall morphological similarity and are distinct in appearance from other such groups |
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Term
| What is a monophyletic taxon? |
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Definition
| Taxon that corresponds to a clade |
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Term
| What is a paraphyletic taxon? |
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Definition
| Taxon that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendants |
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Term
| What is a polyphyletic taxon? |
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Definition
| A taxon that doesn't include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon |
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Term
| What are the 4 major approaches to systematics? |
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Definition
- Aristolean Essentialism
- Phnetics
- Evolutionary Classification
- Cladistics
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Term
| What is Aristotelian Esseantialism? |
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Definition
| A non-evolutionary based form of systematics used by Linnaeus, but is no longer considered valid |
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Term
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Definition
| Classification based on statistical measures of overall similarity based on evolutionary relations |
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Term
| What is Evolutionary Systematics? |
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Definition
| Major classification approach used following the acceptanc eof Darwin's ideas. It is valid to have paraphyletic taxa |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolutionary based classification where the only valid taxa are monophyletic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Phylogenetic tree based on cladistics analysis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Taxa on the tips of the branches |
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|
Term
| What is an internat node? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a root on a cladogram? |
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Definition
| The last common ancestor shared by the entire group of terminal taxa |
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Term
| What does it mean to be basal? |
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Definition
| a clade is basal to another clade if it contains that other clade as a subset within it |
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Term
| What does it mean to be nested? |
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Definition
| A clade is nested with another clade if its located within that clade |
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Term
|
Definition
| a branch-point in a tree with more than 2 descendant branches |
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Term
|
Definition
| A monophyletic group that contains the last common ancestor of all its extant members, and all of that ancestors descendants |
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Term
|
Definition
| All extinct species more closely related to a particular crown group than to any other, and only has extinct members |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic assumptions of cladistics? |
|
Definition
- Changes in characteristics occurs in lineages over time
- Any group of organisms is related by descent from a common ancestor
- There is a branching pattern of lineage splitting
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Term
|
Definition
| The taxa you are trying to infer the evolutionary relationship of |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to infer whether the characters states are ancentral or derived |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relatively derived or changed character state |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A derived character state shared by two or more terminal taxa |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relatively primitive or ancestral character state |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An ancestral character state shared by 2 or more terminal taxa |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Considered the founder of taxonomy, credited with giving us binomial nomenclature and a hierarchial classification system |
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Term
| What are the 8 major taxonomic ranks? |
|
Definition
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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Term
|
Definition
| International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 basic rules of the ICZN? |
|
Definition
- No names published before 1758 are valid
- Species names are binomial
- No 2 species can have the same name
- The accepted name of a species is the one first publushed
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Term
|
Definition
| Populations of a species that are deemed morphologically distinct enough to be recognized taxonomically |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specimens included and designated by the author in the species descroption |
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|
Term
| Who was the founder of the Biological Species Concept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the biological species concept emphasize? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive isolation between species |
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|
Term
| What are 6 alternative species concepts? |
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Definition
- Biological
- Phylogenetic
- Evolutionary
- Recognition
- Cohesion
- Ecological
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Term
| What does it mean to be sympatric? |
|
Definition
| Occuring in the same geographic region |
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Term
| What are 5 prezygotic RIM's? |
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Definition
- Habitat Isolation
- Behavioral Isolation
- Temporal Isolation
- Mechanical Isolation
- Gametic Isolation
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|
|
Term
| What are 3 postzygotic barriers? |
|
Definition
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Hybrid Breakdown |
|
|
Term
| What is reduced hybrid viability? |
|
Definition
| Zygote or hybrid individual produced, ut the hybrid isn't viable |
|
|
Term
| What is hybrid breakdown? |
|
Definition
| F2 hybrids and following generations have reduced survivorship/fertility |
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|
Term
| What is allopatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| A single species becomes separated by a physical barrier and species adapt and become so different they can no longer interbreed |
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|
Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| A new species arises within a parent population |
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|
Term
| What is the best example of sympatric speciation in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cryptic(sibling)species? |
|
Definition
| Species that are extremely difficult to distinguish based on appearance |
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|
Term
| What is sexual dimorphism? |
|
Definition
| Differences in the appearance of males and females |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the occurence of teo or more distinct forms within a single population |
|
|
Term
| What is geographic variation? |
|
Definition
| Variation in the characteristics of a species over a geographic range |
|
|
Term
| What is clinal variation? |
|
Definition
| Gradual and relatively continuous change in some character over a geographic distance |
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|
Term
| What is polytypic variation? |
|
Definition
| Discontinuous variation with distinct geographic forms |
|
|
Term
| What is a monotypic species? |
|
Definition
| shows little geographic variation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chain of interbreeding populations with a more or less circular distribution, at the ends of which the populations overlap |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 chordate synapomorphies? |
|
Definition
- Pharyngeal Slits
- Endostyle
- Notochord
- Dorsal nerve cord
- Post anal tail
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|
|
Term
| What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg? |
|
Definition
Yolk sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mineralized tissue containing calcium phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 hypotheses on the first function of bone? |
|
Definition
- General body protection against predators
- Housing of electroreceptors in head region
- Calcium and phosphorous storage and regulation
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|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major evolutionary changes that increased terrestriality in amniotes? |
|
Definition
- Amniotic Egg
- Water proofing of the skin
- Costal Ventillation
- Modification of Heart
- Modification of axial skeleton, limb position and limb musculature
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