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Definition
-Jawless, deep sea scavengers, body fluids are isotonic with sea water.
-slime glands for defense |
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Definition
-New Synapomorhpy: Vertebral structure with cartilaginous skeletal elements
-homologous only with the neural arches of jawed vertebrates
-protrusible tongue-like structure |
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Definition
JAWS!!
-critical step in evolution
-now have the ability to cut food and grasp it
-Derived features:
-two sets of paired fins or limbs
-two olfactory tracts
-improvements in locomotor/predatory abilities with more complex vertebrae
-Ribs (increased anchorage for muscles
-Cerebellum
ALL MADE POSSIBLE BY SECOND HOW GENE DUPLICATION! |
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Term
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Definition
key part of gnathostome evolution
-jaw was initially important for gill ventilation to respond to increased metabolic needs, helped with forced ventilation of water over gills |
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Definition
-Cartilaginous fish
-New Synapomorphy: tesserate or prismatic endoskeletal calcification |
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Definition
| family under Chondrichtheys, have multiple gill openings |
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Term
| Squalomorpha and Galeomorpha |
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Definition
| two families under Neoselachii, two different lineages of sharks. Sq=cold, deep water while Gale=warmer, shallow water |
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Definition
| Under Neoselachii, Skates have thick tail stalk with 2 dorsal fins and caudal fin while Rays have whiplike tail with barbs |
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Definition
| Ratfishes, small, soft anatomy, ancient branch of Chondrichtheys |
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Definition
| Bony Fish! New Synapomorhpyh is calcified bone(Endochondral bone), appeared during Devonian |
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Definition
Lineage of Osteichtheys with "lobe fins" that have massive jaw muscles which produced skull changes that separated them
-coated with cosmine, a dentine like structure
-gave rise to tetrapods |
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Term
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Definition
(Lungfish)one lineage under Sarcopterygii
-weakly developed gill, use lungs
- gave rise to tetrapod lungs
-fused dorsal, caudal, anal fins with cartilaginous skeleton.
-Estivation is the burrowing when waters recede |
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Term
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Definition
Ray Finned Fishes!
-largest radiation
-brains everted as formed to give more space
-thick, interlocking scales gave more mobility and maneuverability |
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Term
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Definition
Next synapomorphy after actinopterygii
-gars (Lepisosteiformes) and bowfin (Amiiformes) fall under Holosteans
-Bony skin
-main group is the teleosts
-Main SYNAPOMORPHY was a new jaw mechanism where the cheek was no longer solid, allowing for more expansion and a stronger bite (adductor muscles weren't limited by solid cheek) |
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Term
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Definition
Major Changes
-Specialization in jaw to increase suction
-protusible premaxilla and maxilla of primary jaw to increase suction
-specialized mobile jaws
-caudal fin had increased support with Certotrichia spines in fin |
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Term
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Definition
-Majority of extant teleosts
-have sticky eggs and the Weberian apparatus (using gas bladder as tempanum, connects swim bladder to auditory system) |
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Definition
marine teleosts, threatened by outflow of water and inflow of salt
-low kidney filtration rate with less urine
-Drink seawater to maintain water levels while gills pump salt out of body. |
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Term
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Definition
freshwater
-threatened by inflow of water and outflow of salt
-gills actively transport salt into body
-large amounts of dilute urine with salts reabsorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| has small range of salinity that it can adapt to |
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Definition
| can live in wide range of salinity |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilized eggs develop outside female (external fertilization) |
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Definition
| typically associated with Oviparity, the eggs float in water column |
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Term
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Definition
| internal fertilization, but young depend on yolk of the fertilized eggs. |
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Definition
| Eggs sing to bottom, typically less of them and buried in gravel, float on bottom, or adhere |
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Definition
| live birth! internal fertilization where young depend on placenta |
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Definition
Shared, derived characters
-Single Element vertebral column
-Bicusped, pedicellate teeth (uncalcified zone at base)
-Reduced skull table bones
-Moist vascular skin
-carnivorous with mucous and poison glands |
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Term
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Definition
Salamanders
-elongate body
-simple, primitive limbs which reflect habitat
-movement is fish like undulation |
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Definition
Frogs
-specialized, long hindlimbs for jumping
-long toes
-pelvic girdle enlarged, strengthened, and anchored to vertebral column
-no tail |
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Term
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Definition
Caecilians
-worm like
-legless
-mostly burrowing
-solid skull
-up to 200 vertebra |
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Definition
Coalescence of Continents into Pangea
-extensive shallow seas
-land uplifted for freshwater basins
-first forests and insects
MAJOR OPP. FOR SPECIATION |
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Term
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Definition
| -Main things that distinguish them from invertebrates is: Hox gene complex and the neural crest (the 4th germ layer) |
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