Term
| True or false: Moisture lost by breathing is much greater at 10C than at 25C because the inhaled air has more moisture at 25C than at 10C. |
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Definition
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Term
| Filtration of blood in the kidney includes all but this structure. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The glomerulus and nephron capsule prohibit the passage of proteins by: |
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Definition
| size of capillary pores, size of filtration slits between the podocytes, and the charge on the basement membrane proteins (all of the above) |
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Term
| This factor favors formation of filtrate at the glomerulus. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The kidneys process about 200L of blood derived fluids (filtrate) per day. The amount that leaves the body is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for the release of this enzyme. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulates the rate of filtrate formation; helps regulate systemic blood pressure by releasing aldosterone. |
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|
Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| Site of most electrolyte, ion, and nutrient resorption in the renal tubules. |
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Term
| What structure is responsible for most resorption of water? |
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Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule. |
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Term
| What structure produces a concentrated urine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Bohr effect and the Haldane effect refer to a shift in ____ dissociation curve to the right due to ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| The mechanism by which the extracellular osmotic gradient from the cortext to the medulla of the kidney is established depends primarily on the properties of which structure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the lungs, O2 that is picked up in the blood must diffuse from...? |
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Definition
| The alveolus, through the alveolar endothelial cells, through the basement membrane, through the capillary endothelial cells, through the plasma, and finally to the RBC membrane. |
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|
Term
| Why do mammalian lungs inflate? |
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Definition
| The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. |
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Term
| Name the law: At high altitudes, all partial pressure values of gases decrease in proportion to the decrease in atmospheric pressure by ___, while the amount of gases that dissolve in the wet alveolar, gill, or skin fluids is proportional to the decrease in atmospheric pressure by ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes you unable to hold your breath indefinitely? |
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Definition
| CO2 buildup causes an override of inspiratory control. |
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|
Term
| Why does air rush into the alveoli? |
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Definition
| Because of decreased pressure in the intrapleural space and alveoli. |
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Term
| Oxygen that is picked up in the blood immediately binds with a hemoglobin molecule that has (number) ferrous iron atoms, which can carry (number) of oxygen molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exhalation or expiration of air in humans is due to...? |
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Definition
| Stopping of ramping motor signals from the breathing center in the medulla of the lungs. |
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Term
| Which taxon of vertebrates usually rely on both skin and lungs for gas exchange and have a ___ chambered heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of air in an avian lung would not involve...? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or false: Cilia lining the trachea in mammals beat toward the alveoli so that particles in the mucus of the lungs can be removed by the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the arteriole blood pressure is 30 mmHg, and blood osmotic pressure is 22 mmHg, what will fluid do? |
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Definition
| It will enter the tissues and leave the blood. |
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Term
| What are the two most abundant proteins found in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Modified muscle cells carrying impulses up the wall of the ventricles are ____, while those carrying the impulses down the interventricular septum would be ___. |
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Definition
| Purkinje fibers; atriaventricular node. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hardening of the arteries, which raises blood pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fat deposits in the blood vessels. |
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Term
| Function of papillary muscles. |
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Definition
| They keep bi- and tricuspid valves from reversing. |
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Term
| What happens during vigorous exercise? |
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Definition
| Blood pressure and cardiac output increase because there is an increased firing of sympathetic neurons from the accelerator nerve. |
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Term
| The modified muscle cells for initiation/conducting electricity across the ____ atrium would be called the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffusion of nutrients between the blood and tissue fluids essentially occurs only at/through the ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pre- and post-vena cavae are where blood pressure is _____ and ____ is highest. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The follow force increases filtration in both kidneys and tissue capillaries. |
|
Definition
| Dilation of the afferent arterioles. |
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|
Term
| Movement of the legs and liver causes ventilation of lungs in _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The detrusser muscle of the bladder relaxes the ___, contracts under the influence of ____ activity? |
|
Definition
| Internal sphincter; sympathetic. |
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|
Term
| The desire of awareness to urinate would usually occur when the bladder's ____ muscles are stretched with ____ ml of urine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If a starving person utilised large amounts of blood proteins for energy, the lower amount of blood protein would cause...? |
|
Definition
| An increase in filtration into the tissues and kidneys. |
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|
Term
| The reabsorption of most nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, organic acids occurs in the...? |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule. |
|
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Term
| True or False: Cells, proteins, and fat droplets are not filtered by the excretory organs of vertebrates. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ nephrons are most likely to be found in the renal cortex, while the _____ nephrons are most likely to be found in the renal medulla. |
|
Definition
| Cortical; juxtamedullary. |
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Term
| The chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs is the ____ while the chamber receiving deoxygenated blood would be the ____. |
|
Definition
| Left atrium; right atrium. |
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Term
| The urine drains from the kidney to the bladder via the ___ and from the urinary bladder via the ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Gar fish would have physostomous air bladders that allow them to breathe air. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the respiratory system of birds (not mammals), O2 rich air enters and passes through the lungs during ____. |
|
Definition
| Both inhalation and exhalation. |
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Term
| True or false: Four chambered hearts are associated with a systemic and pulmonary circulation that first appears in the crocodilians. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Match the percentages: About 70, 23, and 7 percent of the CO2 produced by the tissues is picked up by the blood and carried as... |
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate, carbamino group, free CO2. |
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|
Term
| When the O2 concentration of the tissues reaches about 40 mmHg in the blood, about ___ % O2 has been released or delivered by the RBCs to the tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To allow more efficient gas exchange, water flowing across the gills of most any animals ____ |
|
Definition
| Does not flow during swimming. |
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Term
| True or false: ventilation rate is 10 for fish and 1 for mammals because water was 10x as much O2 as air. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Carbonic anhydrase of the RBCs speed up the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- and allows for the Cl- shift in RBCs in the lungs and tissues. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of good respiratory organs. |
|
Definition
| Lots of surface area; moist surfaces; very vascular. |
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|
Term
| True or false: in normal breathing, neural impulses to the breathing muscles ramp for about 2 sec, stop for 3 sec, and then start ramping again. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of continuous capillaries. |
|
Definition
| Occur in brain, skin, muscle; have tight junctions with some leakage; make up endothelial cells of capillaries (all of the above) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Baroreceptors occur in the aortic and carotoid sinuses, while chemoreceptors occur in the aortic and carotid bodies. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Histamine, nitrous oxides, prostaglandin, and kinins are all potent vasoconstrictors. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fluid moves from the capillaries to extracellular fluid of the tissues through ___ |
|
Definition
| fenestration and intercellular |
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|
Term
| RBCs account for about ____ of the blood volume, while protein makes up ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The blood vessel with about 35 mmHg pressure, only a few smooth muscle cells, and an endothelial lining. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels is assisted by valves and muscular movement because pressure is so low. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action potential of the heart pacemaker would be caused by which 2 ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inherent rhythm of the heart's pacemaker is caused by ____ |
|
Definition
| The cell membrane becoming more leaky to Na+. |
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|
Term
| During inhalation, visceral sensory nerve impulses from the alveoli walls reach the breathing center and cause ____ |
|
Definition
| blocking of the effects of high blood CO2 and inspiratory center. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: in most mammals the diaphragm accounts for 66% and through rib movements accounts for 33% of the volume of air exchanged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greatest environmental problem land animals face is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolus have ____ but not _____ |
|
Definition
| a thin walled air sac, surrounded by a layer of richly vascularised CT, has short diffusion distance to RBCs; support from lots of CT. |
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|
Term
| The CO2 and O2 content of expired air is about ___ and ____ while CO2 and O2 content in inspired fresh air is about ____ and ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___'s law states that in a mix of gases, each gas exerts its own partial pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____'s law states that gases dissolve in water based on concentrations in air. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____'s law states that as volume changes pressure changes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The detergent like molecule that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths because it reduces surface tension of the water film inside the alveoli is called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An alveolus is a ___ air sac surrounded by a layer of ____ vascularised CT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adults use about 250cc O2, produce about 200cc CO2, and have an RQ of about ___ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A long loop of Henle would be found in ____ while a very short one would be found in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In mammals, the excretory system has which of the following functions? |
|
Definition
| Voids nitrogenous wastes; voids water; retains nitrogenous wastes; retaining water (all except C). |
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|
Term
| An increase in the permeability of the collecting tubule to water is due to...? |
|
Definition
| An increase in the production of ADH and aquaporin transporters. |
|
|
Term
| The fuid in the glomerular or Bowman's capsule is similar to plasma except tat it does not contain a significant amount of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the urinary bladder fills with urine the detrussor muscle of the bladder begins to contract and the ____ relaxes under the influence of the ____ firing. |
|
Definition
| Internal sphincter; parasympathetic. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: Alcohol is a diuretic because it blocks release of ADH and aldosterone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in the afferent arteriolar pressure will NOT result in __ |
|
Definition
| an increase in the osmotic pressure of the glomerular capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| Low blood volume will stimulate the release of ___ by the juxtamedullary cells, which in turn will convert the blood protein angiotensin I into angiotensin II which will cause the uptake of water and sodium due to the release of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure in the cortex of the kidney near the proximal convoluted tubule is about ____ mosmoles while in the medulla it is approx. ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Velocity of blood flow is slowest in the ___ where the cross sectional area is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lowest BP occurs in the ___ while the highest occurs in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the venous end of the capillary bed, fluid leaves the tissue space and reenters the blood because of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a rule a vein as compared to an artery would have more ____ and less ____ |
|
Definition
| elastic tissue, smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| true or false: a common feature of both veins and lymph capillaries is that fluid movement is assisted by valves and muscular movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: blockage of vessels with lipid and calcium deposits cause the arteries to become less elastic which in turn causes higher blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innate or inherent beating rhythm of the heart is controlled by myogenic cells of the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest quantity of smooth muscle tissue of blood vessels would be found in the ___ while the layer with endothelium and areolar CT would be ___ |
|
Definition
| tunica media, tunica interna |
|
|
Term
| an electrocardiogram of the heart provides info mainly about ___ |
|
Definition
| electric transmissions through heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| a prolonged or wide QRS interval would indicate __ while a longer p --> QRS interval would indicate a ___ |
|
Definition
| bundle branch block; first degree block. |
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