Term
| what are the properties of neuroglia? |
|
Definition
| don't branch, don't produce impulses, some serve as connective tissue, array of functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of neuroglia? |
|
Definition
1. astrocyte
2. oligodendrocyte
3. epidymal
4. microglia |
|
|
Term
| Which class of neuroglia is important during a stroke and why? |
|
Definition
| astrocyte: it forms neural scar tissue take up NT (which excess NT is released in a stroke) |
|
|
Term
| Which class of neuroglia is protective against brain damage? |
|
Definition
| epidymal cells-- produce CSF which allows the brain to float |
|
|
Term
| which class of neuroglia assist to increase CV of nerve impulses |
|
Definition
| oligodendrecites: make myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| which class of neuroglia assist in immune response? |
|
Definition
| microglia: phagocytize foreign particles and microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| Which disease(s) are associated with the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disease(s) are associated with the basal nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disease(s) are associated with the cerebellum and hippocampus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disease(s) are associated with the brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five common clinical causes of brain damage? |
|
Definition
1. shaking/jarring
2. 02 deprivation
3. CVA
4. headaches
5. tumors |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of a CVA? |
|
Definition
| rupture or blockage of a blood vessel in the brain... leads to 02 deprivation which causes L-glutamate to trigger overexcitation in all adjacent neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the new treatment for CVAs? |
|
Definition
| administer anticoagulants within three hours of onset to block glutamate receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 technical devices used to detect brain tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of a CAT scan? |
|
Definition
| computerized axial tomography-- uses xray absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism behind MRI? |
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging--vibrations of protons in a magnetic field |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of PET scans? |
|
Definition
| positron emission tomography--gamma ray energy |
|
|
Term
| what is plasticity in terms of the brain? |
|
Definition
| ability to recover from damage or illness |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with stroke damage in Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
| perfect articulation of non-sense |
|
|
Term
| what occurs with stroke damage at Broca's area? |
|
Definition
| poor output of word selection |
|
|
Term
| What causes a speech impediment? |
|
Definition
| genetic defects at facial area motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| What cell type does parkinson's target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is parkinson's caused by? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in dopamine NT; inhibits the basal nuclei inhibitory response to stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what are the symtoms of parkinsons? |
|
Definition
| tremors at rest, droopy face, speech loss, memory and thinking impairments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pollution, pesticides, loss of dopanergetic neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the new controversial treaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the underlying basis of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| increase in dopamine neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| What cell type does alzheimers target? |
|
Definition
| affects beta-amyloid proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of alzheimers? |
|
Definition
| confusion, disorientation, personality changes, and emotional outburst |
|
|
Term
| How is alzheimers associated with a metal? |
|
Definition
| build up of aluminumized plaque in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is reticular formation? |
|
Definition
| massive network that radiates across the brain and measure alertness |
|
|
Term
| What is the electrical signal of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four levels of conciousness? |
|
Definition
1. maximum
2. wakefulness
3. sleep stages
4. coma |
|
|
Term
| What is an electrocerebral silence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is sleep considered an active process? |
|
Definition
| brain activity is not reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1->2->3->4 the reverses out... high altidude delta waves, a lot of motor activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| REM sleep... after each slow wave cycle, brain waves similar to awake state, motor tone inhibition, lost of dreaming, deepest sleep, natural cycle |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of calcium in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| binds to troponin to remove tropomysin so actin can bind |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of calcium in cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of calcium in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| calcium calmodulin complex activates myosin kinase to phosporylate myosin to form cross-bridge |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of the cross-bridge cycle for skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| calcium binds to troponin, slides tropomysin off myosin binding sites on actin, actin is free to bind, cross bridge is formed |
|
|
Term
| describe smooth muscle properties |
|
Definition
| walls, single nucleus, never add more to it, less myosin, no troponin, dense bodies, no t-tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single AP, submax response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth controlled contraction, repeated AP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four causes of fatique |
|
Definition
1. depletion of glycogen, creatine phosphate, and ATP
2. accumulation of lactic acid
3. rate of ACH synthesis
4. psychological fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period in which excitation contraction coupling occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x-bridge formation and powerstroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sarcoplasmic reticulum and sacs take up calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 neuron and all the fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
| what is motor unit recruitment? |
|
Definition
| more units stimulated-->contraction |
|
|
Term
| How does motor unit and recruitment change as we age? |
|
Definition
| more recruitment is necessary because muscles dont exert as much output the older we get |
|
|
Term
| what are the three cellular sources of fatigue? |
|
Definition
1. depeletion of glycogen
2. depletion of creatine phosphate
3. ATP depletion |
|
|
Term
| what is recovery in physiological terms |
|
Definition
| increase blood flow, good oxygen uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are four sources of muscle atrophy? |
|
Definition
1. lack of exercise
2. immobility
3. denervation
4. age |
|
|
Term
| describe muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
x-linked recessive
attacks actin and myosin replacing them with fibrous tissues
affects dystrophin gene |
|
|
Term
| what are two theraputic techniques for muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
1. gene therapy: replacing dystrophin gene
2. cell transplant: stem cells produce dystrophin protein |
|
|
Term
| what are intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
"contractile fibers" provides cytoskeletal framework
spans and connect dense bodies |
|
|
Term
| How does smooth muscle contract in absence of sarcomere and troponin? |
|
Definition
| phosphorylation of myosin and then forming cross bridge |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| multi unit and single unit |
|
|
Term
| describe multiunit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| each fiber contracts individually |
|
|
Term
| describe single unit smooth |
|
Definition
| excited and contract as single unit |
|
|
Term
| describe single unit smooth |
|
Definition
| excited and contract as single unit |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of spontaneous depolarization found in self excitable cells |
|
Definition
pacemaker (hormone modulated)
slow-wave (self induced, fires multiple APs) |
|
|
Term
| What two circulatory systems are involved in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define pulmonary circulation |
|
Definition
| right side: brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
|
|
Term
| define systemic circulation |
|
Definition
| oxygenation blood to body systems |
|
|
Term
| Where is blood normally shunted to relieve pressure during fetal development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two major nerves innervate the heart? |
|
Definition
| vagus and sympathetic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| what is the conduction pathway of the heart? |
|
Definition
| sg & vagus--> SAnode-->AV node--> bundle of His-->purjinke fibers |
|
|
Term
| Which sound and where is the best location to hear the tricuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| S1... 5th intercostal L sternum |
|
|
Term
| Which sound and where is the best location to hear the mitral valve? |
|
Definition
| S1... 5th intercostal heart apex |
|
|
Term
| Which sound and where is the best location to hear the pulmonary semilunar valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sound and where is the best location to hear the aortic semilunar valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a heart murmur and what are its three causes? |
|
Definition
regurgitation through valves
1. defective valves
2. rheumatic endocarditis
3. mitral stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the electrical basis of the EKG? |
|
Definition
ions (NOT APs) conduct tissues
detects potential differences as current conducts to body surface |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the P-wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens at the QRS spectrum |
|
Definition
| atrial repolarization and ventricle depolarization |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the T-wave |
|
Definition
| repolarization of ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow HR, large distance between QRS waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fast HR short distance between QRS waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| origination from anywhere but SA node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asynchronous stimulation (deadly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| p waves at 150-200x per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongation of PR interval |
|
|
Term
| describe a 1st degree AV block |
|
Definition
| elongation of PR interval |
|
|
Term
| describe 2nd degree AV block |
|
Definition
| p waves with occasional lack of activation of some QRS complexs |
|
|
Term
| describe a third degree AV block |
|
Definition
| AV node has some sick cells and cannot conduct all the time |
|
|
Term
| what are the structural components of arteries? |
|
Definition
| 3 layers, elastic recoil, high pressure |
|
|
Term
| what are the structural components of capillaries? |
|
Definition
| nutrient exchange, medium pressue, sphincters |
|
|
Term
| what are the structural components of veins? |
|
Definition
| no layers, thin, valved, low pressure, help from skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plaque build up in arteries (cholesterol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detached thrombosis that flows till it cannot pass |
|
|
Term
| Which is good cholesterol and which is bad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five treatments discussed to alleviate an occulusion of vessel? |
|
Definition
1. bipass
2. angioplasty
3. EDTA cholators
4. stents
5. intravessel cementation |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a cardiac infarction and cardiac ischemia? |
|
Definition
infarction is complete block of blood flow leading to part or complete necrosis of the heart
ischemia is just lack of 02 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute |
|
|
Term
| how does parasympathetic affect CO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does sympathetic affect CO? |
|
Definition
|
|
