Term
| What is the major organizational plan of the body? |
|
Definition
| cells-->tissues-->organs--->systems |
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|
Term
| What are the four primary tissues |
|
Definition
1. muscle
2. nervous
3. epithelial
4. connective |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| striated, voluntary contraction, myofibers |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
| striated, involuntary contraction, intercalated discs |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the smooth muscles |
|
Definition
| non-striated, involuntary contraction, functional synctium |
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|
Term
| What are the four classifications of epithelial tissues? |
|
Definition
| squamous (round), cubodial (cube), columnar (rectangular, ciliated columnar (cilia) |
|
|
Term
| Where are squamous cells found? |
|
Definition
| cheeks, capillary beds, air sacs |
|
|
Term
| Where are cubodial cells found? |
|
Definition
| reproductive tract, kidneys, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Where are columnar cells found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ciliated columnar cells found? |
|
Definition
| uterine tubes and respiratory |
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary functions of epithelial tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main connective tissues? |
|
Definition
1. connective tissue proper
2. cartlidge (chrondrocytes)
3. Bone (haversian systems)
4. blodd |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between ECF, ICF, Plasma and ISF? |
|
Definition
ICF=inside cell membrane
ISF: around cell inside plasma
plasma: surrounds ISF
ECF=ISF+plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the membrane? |
|
Definition
| form, control of passage, and a capacitor |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| matrix for chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ER? |
|
Definition
| transport material, ribosome attachment |
|
|
Term
| what is the funciton of the golgi? |
|
Definition
| synthesize carbs, secrete lipids and glycoprotiens |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the mitochandria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| garbage disposal, domestic freight |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nucleolus? |
|
Definition
| division during mitosis/meiosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of vesicles? |
|
Definition
| transport materials (secretion/excretion) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of vaults? |
|
Definition
| transport RNA out of nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of peroxisomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three reasons the phospolipid bilayer is important to physiological functions? |
|
Definition
1. selective barrier
2. compartmentalization
3. pump fluids in and out of cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of microtubules? |
|
Definition
| transport vesicles down axon of neurons in neuronal excitation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of microfilaments? |
|
Definition
| used in contractile muscle systems |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| durable fibers for support of things |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the microtubecular lattice? |
|
Definition
| suspend organelles, attract free ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What 3 cellular processes require ATP? |
|
Definition
| synthesis, membrane transport, mechanical work |
|
|
Term
| How are organic molecules classified? |
|
Definition
| by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules in different proportions and are classified as natural or synthetic |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of protiens? |
|
Definition
| amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
| What aret he major functions of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| DNA structure, blueprint to life, protein/enzyme synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are three sources of hazardous mutagens? |
|
Definition
1.xrays
2.UV light
3.radiation |
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanisms for molecules to be transported ACROSS a membrane? |
|
Definition
1. endocytosis
2. exocytois
3. fusion of organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytosis (eating); pinocytosis (drinking) requires ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretion of enzymes, neurotransmitters, and secretory vesicles; requires ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways molecules can be transported THROUGH a membrane? |
|
Definition
1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis
3. protien mediated transport |
|
|
Term
| How does Einsteins random walk theory relation to synaptic transmission? |
|
Definition
| the neurotransmitter that is released from the pre-synaptic terminal diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the receptors on the post synaptic terminal |
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|
Term
| How does an increase in size of a neurotransmitter affect the rate of electronic signalling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does an increase in charge affect the rate of electronic signalling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does and increase in temperature affect the rate of electronic signalling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of protein mediated transport? |
|
Definition
1. ATP required
2. faster transport
3. steriospecificity
4. competition for structurally similar molecules |
|
|
Term
| What does primary active transport have to do with phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| transfer of phosphate to an amino acid causing a conformational change of the molecule being transported |
|
|
Term
| What are the four zones of a typical nerve cell? |
|
Definition
1. input (dendrites: recieve incoming information)
2. trigger zone (axon hillock: intiates AP)
3. conducting (axon: conducts AP continously)
4. output (axon terminals: releases NT to effector cells) |
|
|
Term
| Where are pseudounipolar neurons located? |
|
Definition
| sensory organs or touch receptors |
|
|
Term
| where are bipolar neurons located? |
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| Where are unipolar neurons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do ALL cells that have a negative resting potential have the capacity to fire and action potential? |
|
Definition
| no, the resting potential has to be greater than -40 to -50 mV o the be electrically excitable to fire AP |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if you blocked the sodium channel of the action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen if you blocked the potassium channel of the underlying AP? |
|
Definition
| the width of the AP would increase |
|
|
Term
| define absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
| part of the membrane has just undergone an action potential and is unable to fire another... sodium channels are not in resting conformation |
|
|
Term
| define relative refractory period |
|
Definition
| potential can be restimulated byt a stronger stimulus... K+ channels are still open |
|
|
Term
| Why is important to measure ion channel physiology? |
|
Definition
| prevent disease, open heart surgery, channelopathies (cystic fibrosis, myasthenia gravis and seizures) |
|
|
Term
| What channel is affected in cystic fibrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What channel is affected in myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| ligand gated sodium channels |
|
|
Term
| What channel is affected in seizures? |
|
Definition
| voltage gated potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 principles of the action potential? |
|
Definition
1. only trigger when threshold is released
2. all or none
3. propagated down entire length of axon
4. does not decay
5. unidirectional |
|
|
Term
| How are local currents distinct from action potentials? |
|
Definition
| bidirectional and flows between active depolarized area and a inactive area |
|
|
Term
| What is a mylenated axon? |
|
Definition
| axon wrapped in myelin sheath to increase space constant and conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological basis for multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| nerve fibers fail to conduct, lack of muscle coordination, muscle weakness and vision problems |
|
|
Term
| What evironmental factors cause similar symptoms as multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| lead and tin poisoning, and certain cleaning products (hexachloraphene) |
|
|
Term
| How do schwann cells assist in regeneration? |
|
Definition
| they form a growth tube in which the axon can reextend inside and provide guidance to establish former connections |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of electrical synapses? |
|
Definition
| gap junctions, bidirectional, unregulated, mostly in smooth and cardiac |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of chemical synapses? |
|
Definition
| pre- & post- synaptic terminals, unidirectional, regulated, uses AP |
|
|
Term
| how are microtubules related to synaptic transmission? |
|
Definition
| they transport NTs down to the presynaptic terminal by use of kinesin and back up by uses of dyelin |
|
|
Term
| If a drug blocked ligand gated ion channels how would it affect excitability of muscles? |
|
Definition
Na+: AP would not fire (no contraction)
K+: take longer to slow down |
|
|
Term
| If a drug blocked presynaptic uptake, how would it affect excitability of muscles? |
|
Definition
| accumulation of NT in cleft leading to synaptic fatigue |
|
|
Term
| If a drug blocked phosphorylation how would it affect excitability of muscles? |
|
Definition
| vesicles not released so no EPP or AP in post synaptic (no contraction) |
|
|
Term
| If a drug blocked ACHE how would it affect excitability of muscles? |
|
Definition
| hyperexicitability due to not breaking down of ACH |
|
|
Term
| If a drug anterograde transport how would it affect excitability of muscles? |
|
Definition
| no NT transport down axon... |
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