Term
| What type of cell line does meiosis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis: The homologous chromosomes separtae during ______ and chromatids separate during ______. |
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Definition
| Meiosis: The homologous chromosomes separtae during meiosis I and chromatids separate during meiosis II. |
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Term
| During what phase are homologous pairs of chromosome able to exchange genetic material? |
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Definition
| during prophas of meiosis I |
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Term
| After completion of what phase do daughter cells have haploid number of 23 duplicated corssed over chromosomes? |
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Definition
| After completion of meiosis I |
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Term
Does duplication take place during Meiosis II?
What important feature takes place suring meiosis II? |
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Definition
No additional duplication takes place during Meiosis II.
However, the chromatid seperate (haploid number of unduplicated chromosomes. |
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Term
| Where do primordial germ cells migrate to and from during female gamete production? |
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Definition
| Primordial germ cells migrate from the hund gut to the gonadal ridge. |
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Term
| 6-y weeks of intrauterine life there are about _____ oogonia present and by week 8 there are about _____. |
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Definition
6-7 weeks : 10,000 oogonia
8 weeks : 600,000 oogonia |
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Term
| About _____# primary oocytes are present at birth. |
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Definition
| 2.5 million primary oocytes are present at birth |
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Term
| During what phase of femal gamete prodcution does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
| prophase of first meiosis |
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Term
During what phase is meiosis arrested during female gamete production?
When does it reactivate? |
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Definition
Meiosis I is arrested in prophase I.
Remain primary oocytes until just before ovulation when meiosis is completed and first polar body is extruded. |
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Term
| When is the genetic sex of the zymgote established? |
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Definition
| The genetic sex of the zygote is establised at fertiization when an X or Y bearing sperm fertilizes the oocyte. |
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Term
| The process of fusion of sperm and ovum (two haploid germ cells) is referred to as _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A diploid cell has a total of ____# chromosomes. With ____# pairs of somatic chromosomes and one single ____ chromosome. |
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Definition
| A diploid cell has a total of 46 chromosomes. With 22 pairs of somatic chromosomes and one single sex chromosome. |
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Term
| Fusion of egg and sperm (both haploid) results in a ____ (diploid). |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the chances that any given spermatozoa are carrying a Y chromosome? |
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Definition
50%
Because the male is heterogenetic (XY), half of the spermatozoa are X other half are Y
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Term
What phase of meiosis is nondisjunction likely to occur?
What is nondisjunction? |
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Definition
Nondisjunction can occur during prophase of the first meiotic dividion when homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic material.
Nondisjunction is where chromosomes do not separate properly leading to gametes with either excess or fewer genetic material than normal. |
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Term
| How many ovum and polar bodies come from a single primary oocyte? |
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Definition
| A primary oocyte will give rise to a single ovum and either 2 or 3 polar bodies, depending on if the first polar body undergoes meiosis II. |
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Term
| What type of blood (oxygen content) does the umbilical vein and umbilical artery carry? |
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Definition
umbilical vein: oxygenated blood
umbilical artery: deoxygenated blood |
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Term
| _________ (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT), is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections |
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Definition
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Term
| What latrogenic disorder is a possible outcome of aminocentesis? |
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Definition
| intraamniotic infection - infection of the amniotic sac due to introduction of pathogen from the amniocentesis procedure. |
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Term
| ______ is the gene prodcut of the SRY gene (sex determing region on the Y). |
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Definition
| TDF (testis-determing factor) |
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Term
| How is it possible that an individual could have XX sex chromosomes and still be a phenotypic male, or an individual with XY sex chromosome be a phenotypic female. |
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Definition
If the the individual with XX has an SRY on the X from the father that was recombined improperly they will develop phenotypic traits of a male.
If the individual with the XY, but lost the SRY on the Y due to improper recombination, they will develop phenotypic traits of female.
If the individua |
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Term
Differentiation of Gonads: germ cells migrate from the cortex to the primitive sex cords of the medulla.
The sex cords develop into the _____ and the germ cells develop into the ______. |
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Definition
| The sex cords develop into the seminiferous tubules and the germ cells develop into the spermatogonia. |
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Term
| Androgens from the developing testis cause development of ______ or _____ ducts. |
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Definition
| mesonephric or Wolffian ducts |
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Term
| The paramesonephric or mullerian duct degenerate under the influence of the _____homromone in males. |
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Definition
| AMH - antimullerian hormone |
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Term
| In the developing female, the ____ ducts develop and te _____ ducts degenerate. |
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Definition
| Mullerian ducts develop and wollfian ducts degenerate. |
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Term
| The absence of ______ causes the external genitalia development to be female. |
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Definition
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Term
| In males the mesonephros give rise to the _____, and the _______ give rise to the Vas Defrens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct. |
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Definition
| In males the mesonephros give rise to the epididymis and the mesoephric (Wollian) ducts give rise to the Vas Defrens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct. |
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Term
| In females the _______ give rise to the Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina. |
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Definition
| In females the papmesonephric (Mullerian) ducts give rise to the Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina. |
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Term
| In the female the mullerian ducts differntiate spontaneously in the absence of ____ and wolffian ducts involutes in the absence of _______. |
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Definition
| In the female the mullerian ducts differntiate spontaneously in the absence of AMH and wolffian ducts involutes in the absence of testosterone. |
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Term
| testosterone is secreted by _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ cells in the testis produce the AMH which causes mullerian degeneration in the male fetus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ normally develops on the fourth week of development and teh ventral side will develop into the glans or the clitoris. |
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Definition
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Term
| the ________ give rise to the penis or labia minora |
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Definition
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Term
| the genital or labriocrotal swelling fuse to give rise to the ________ or unfused to give rise to the _____. |
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Definition
| the genital or labriocrotal swelling fuse to give rise to the scrotum or unfused to give rise to the labia majora. |
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Term
| What are the two major cell types that are unique to the structure of the testes. |
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Definition
| Sertoli cells and leydig cells |
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Term
| What are the major functions of sertoli cells |
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Definition
Provide nutrients to differentiation sperm.
Create blood-testes barrier
Secrete aqueous fluid that helps to transport sperm to the epidymis |
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Term
| what is the major function of the leydig cells |
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Definition
| synthesis and secrete testosterone |
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Term
| What major signaling capabilities does testosterone have? |
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Definition
Paracrine: to support spermatogenesis
Endocrine: target other tissues |
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Term
| _______ is the process of spermatids transformation to mature sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| What is occuring from mitotic and meiotic division during spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
Mitotic division of spermatogonia generate spermatocytes.
Meiotic division of spermatocytes produce mature sperm.
Both are occuring at the same time. |
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Term
| Where (anatomically) does spermatogenesis occur? |
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Definition
| Along the length of the seminfierous tubules. |
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Term
| What is the main physiological function of the epididymis? |
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Definition
| Primary location of sperm maturation and storage. Sperm can remain viable here for months. |
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Term
Which anterior pituitary hormone will stimulate spermatogenesis and sertoli cell function?
What can inhibit the release of this hormone? Where does the inhibitor come from? |
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Definition
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and sertoli cell function.
Sertoli cells secrete inhibin which is a feedback inhibitor of FSH secretion by A. Pituitary |
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Term
Which anterior ptuitary hormone stimulates leydig cells to synthesize testosterone?
How does testosterone effect the release of this hormone? |
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Definition
LH:stimulates leydig cells to synthesize testosterone.
testosterone effect the release of this hormone by creating negative feedback to the hypothalmus and A. pituitary. |
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Term
| what are the three main areas of the ovary? what is the significance of the outtermost part? |
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Definition
Cortex: lined by germiinal epitheliu and contains all oocytes, each enclosed in a follicle
Medulla
Hilium: inner zone |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the ovarian follicle? |
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Definition
supply nutrients to the developing oocyte
release oocyte at appropriate time
prepare the lining of the uterus for the implantation of the fertilized egg
maintains steroid production for the fetus until the placenta assumes the role (corpus luteum) |
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Term
Oogenesis:
Primordial germ cells produce oogonia by mitosis until weeks _______. Resulting in about _____# oogonia. |
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Definition
Oogenesis:
Primordial germ cells produce oogonia by mitosis until weeks 20-24 weeks Resulting in about 7 million oogonia. |
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Term
Oogenesis:
At birth there are about ___# oocytes, by puberty only about ____# ooctytes remain. |
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Definition
Oogenesis:
At birth there are about 2 million oocytes, by puberty only about 400,000 ooctytes remain. |
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Term
Describe the 3(4) stages of ovarian follicle maturation:
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Definition
First stage: primary oocyte grw, the granulosa cells proliferate and nurture the oocyte.
Second stage: fluid containing FSH ad hormones accumulates in the central portion of the follicle (antrum). Graafian follicle is noticeable ( the big one that is maturing).
Third stage: The domiant follicle (Graafian follicle) grows to 20 mm in diameter. On day 15 (of 28 day cycle) ovulation occurs.
Fourth stage (ovulation): At ovulation the first meiotic division is completed. |
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Term
| _______ refers to the rotation of the ovary to such a degree as to occlude the ovarian artery and/or vein. |
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Definition
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Term
______ cells are the only ones with FSH receptors.
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Definition
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Term
| How doe FSH affect garnulosa cells? |
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Definition
| FSH stimulates the growth of granulosa cells in primary follicle and stimulates estrodiol synthesis. |
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Term
| Ovulation is initated by a sharp rise in what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe some key features of the Follicular phase:
-length
-receptors
-hormones acting / effects |
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Definition
Follicular phase:
-Day 1-14
-Dominant follicle growing
-Receptors for FSH and LSH are upregulated in the theca and granulosa cells
-High levels of erstradiol cause proliferation of endometrial lining of uterus and inhibit FSH/LH secretion. |
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Term
Describe some key features of the Luteal (secretory) phase:
-length
-receptors
-hormones acting / effects
-development |
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Definition
Luteal Phase:
-Day 15-28
-Corpus Luteum develops and synthesizes estradiol and progesterone
-Progeterone stimulate secretory activity of endometrium and increase vascularity. |
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Term
| What are some distinguishing features of Menses? |
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Definition
Regression of corpus luteum
Abrupt loss of estradiol and progesterone cause the endometrial lining and blood to slough |
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Term
An ________ pregnancy is an abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus).
Where does it usually occur? |
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Definition
eptopic pregnancy
95-97% occur in fallopian tubes |
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Term
| ______ is a hormone produced by a fertilized embryo that informs the corpus luteum that fertilization has occured. |
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Definition
| Human Corionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) |
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Term
| How does HCG effect the corpus luteum? |
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Definition
| Corpus luteum under direction of HCG continues to sythesize progesterone and estrogen which maintain the endometrium for implantation |
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Term
| ________ secrete HCG at approximately 8 days after fertilization. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization? |
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Definition
| Without fertilization and the stimulation by HCG, the corpus luteum will regress 12 days after ovulation, at which point it will stop producing steroid hormones, and menses will occur. |
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Term
| How do pregnancy tests work? |
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Definition
Pregnancy test s based on excretion of large amounts of HCG in the urine.
HCG is detectable in maternal urine only 9 days after ovulation. |
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Term
A normal pregnancy lasts approximately ___ weeks.
Duration of preganancy is counted from ____.
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Definition
A normal pregnancy lasts approximately 40 weeks.
Duration of preganancy is counted from last menstrual period. |
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Term
| What is the major regulatory hormone producer in the secod and third trimester of pregnancy? |
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Definition
| The placenta (in coordination of fetus and mom). Corpus luteum not important. |
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Term
| What is the medical term for childbirth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Near end of term what are some labor-inducing hormones that can contribute to induction of labor (partuition)? |
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Definition
Estrogen increases local protaglandin- this increase intracellular calcium concentration of uterine smooth muscle.
Oxytocin induces contrations |
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Term
| _________ is a childbirth injury resulting from unrelieved, obstructed labor that cus off blood supply to pelvic tissue. |
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Definition
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